Introduction

Variable label is human readable description of the variable. R supports rather long variable names and these names can contain even spaces and punctuation but short variables names make coding easier. Variable label can give a nice, long description of variable. With this description it is easier to remember what those variable names refer to. Value labels are similar to variable labels, but value labels are descriptions of the values a variable can take. Labeling values means we don’t have to remember if 1=Extremely poor and 7=Excellent or vice-versa. We can easily get dataset description and variables summary with info function.

The usual way to connect numeric data to labels in R is factor variables. However, factors miss important features which the value labels provide. Factors only allow for integers to be mapped to a text label, these integers have to be a count starting at 1 and every value need to be labelled. Also, we can’t calculate means or other numeric statistics on factors.

With labels we can manipulate short variable names and codes when we analyze our data but in the resulting tables and graphs we will see human-readable text.

It is easy to store labels as variable attributes in R but most R functions cannot use them or even drop them. expss package integrates value labels support into base R functions and into functions from other packages. Every function which internally converts variable to factor will utilize labels. Labels will be preserved during variables subsetting and concatenation. Additionally, there is a function (use_labels) which greatly simplify variable labels usage. See examples below.

Getting and setting variable and value labels

First, apply value and variables labels to dataset:

library(expss)
data(mtcars)
mtcars = apply_labels(mtcars,
                      mpg = "Miles/(US) gallon",
                      cyl = "Number of cylinders",
                      disp = "Displacement (cu.in.)",
                      hp = "Gross horsepower",
                      drat = "Rear axle ratio",
                      wt = "Weight (1000 lbs)",
                      qsec = "1/4 mile time",
                      vs = "Engine",
                      vs = c("V-engine" = 0,
                             "Straight engine" = 1),
                      am = "Transmission",
                      am = c("Automatic" = 0,
                             "Manual"=1),
                      gear = "Number of forward gears",
                      carb = "Number of carburetors"
)

In addition to apply_labels we have SPSS-style var_lab and val_lab functions:

nps = c(-1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, -1)
var_lab(nps) = "Net promoter score"
val_lab(nps) = num_lab("
            -1 Detractors
             0 Neutralists    
             1 Promoters    
")

We can read, add or remove existing labels:

var_lab(nps) # get variable label
## [1] "Net promoter score"
val_lab(nps) # get value labels
##  Detractors Neutralists   Promoters 
##          -1           0           1
# add new labels
add_val_lab(nps) = num_lab("
                           98 Other    
                           99 Hard to say
                           ")

# remove label by value
# %d% - diff, %n_d% - names diff 
val_lab(nps) = val_lab(nps) %d% 98
# or, remove value by name
val_lab(nps) = val_lab(nps) %n_d% "Other"

Additionaly, there are some utility functions. They can applied on one variable as well as on the entire dataset.

drop_val_labs(nps)
## LABEL: Net promoter score 
## VALUES:
## -1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, -1
drop_var_labs(nps)
## VALUES:
## -1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, -1
## VALUE LABELS:               
##  -1 Detractors 
##   0 Neutralists
##   1 Promoters  
##  99 Hard to say
unlab(nps)
## [1] -1  0  1  1  0  1  1 -1
drop_unused_labels(nps)
## LABEL: Net promoter score 
## VALUES:
## -1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, -1
## VALUE LABELS:               
##  -1 Detractors 
##   0 Neutralists
##   1 Promoters
prepend_values(nps)
## LABEL: Net promoter score 
## VALUES:
## -1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, -1
## VALUE LABELS:                  
##  -1 -1 Detractors 
##   0 0 Neutralists 
##   1 1 Promoters   
##  99 99 Hard to say

There is also prepend_names function but it can be applied only to data.frame.

Labels with base R and ggplot2 functions

Base table and plotting with value labels:

with(mtcars, table(am, vs))
##            vs
## am          V-engine Straight engine
##   Automatic       12               7
##   Manual           6               7
with(mtcars, 
     barplot(
         table(am, vs), 
         beside = TRUE, 
         legend = TRUE)
     )

There is a special function for variables labels support - use_labels. By now variables labels support available only for expression which will be evaluated inside data.frame.

# table with dimension names
use_labels(mtcars, table(am, vs)) 
##             Engine
## Transmission V-engine Straight engine
##    Automatic       12               7
##    Manual           6               7
# linear regression
use_labels(mtcars, lm(mpg ~ wt + hp + qsec)) %>% summary
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = `Miles/(US) gallon` ~ `Weight (1000 lbs)` + `Gross horsepower` + 
##     `1/4 mile time`)
## 
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Miles/(US) gallon 
## VALUES:
## -3.8591, -1.6418, -0.4636, 1.194, 5.6092
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)         27.61053    8.41993   3.279  0.00278 ** 
## `Weight (1000 lbs)` -4.35880    0.75270  -5.791 3.22e-06 ***
## `Gross horsepower`  -0.01782    0.01498  -1.190  0.24418    
## `1/4 mile time`      0.51083    0.43922   1.163  0.25463    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 2.578 on 28 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.8348, Adjusted R-squared:  0.8171 
## F-statistic: 47.15 on 3 and 28 DF,  p-value: 4.506e-11
# boxplot with variable labels
use_labels(mtcars, boxplot(mpg ~ am))

And, finally, ggplot2 graphics with variables and value labels. Note that with ggplot2 version 3.2.0 and higher you need to explicitly convert labelled variables to factors in the facet_grid formula:

library(ggplot2, warn.conflicts = FALSE)

use_labels(mtcars, {
    # '..data' is shortcut for all 'mtcars' data.frame inside expression 
    ggplot(..data) +
        geom_point(aes(y = mpg, x = wt, color = qsec)) +
        facet_grid(factor(am) ~ factor(vs))
})

Extreme value labels support

We have an option for extreme values lables support: expss_enable_value_labels_support_extreme(). With this option factor/as.factor will take into account empty levels. However, unique will give weird result for labelled variables: labels without values will be added to unique values. That’s why it is recommended to turn off this option immediately after usage. See examples.

We have label ‘Hard to say’ for which there are no values in nps:

nps = c(-1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, -1)
var_lab(nps) = "Net promoter score"
val_lab(nps) = num_lab("
            -1 Detractors
             0 Neutralists    
             1 Promoters
             99 Hard to say
")

Here we disable labels support and get results without labels:

expss_disable_value_labels_support()
table(nps) # there is no labels in the result
## nps
## -1  0  1 
##  2  2  4
unique(nps)
## [1] -1  0  1

Results with default value labels support - three labels are here but “Hard to say” is absent.

expss_enable_value_labels_support()
# table with labels but there are no label "Hard to say"
table(nps)
## nps
##  Detractors Neutralists   Promoters 
##           2           2           4
unique(nps)
## LABEL: Net promoter score 
## VALUES:
## -1, 0, 1
## VALUE LABELS:               
##  -1 Detractors 
##   0 Neutralists
##   1 Promoters  
##  99 Hard to say

And now extreme value labels support - we see “Hard to say” with zero counts. Note the weird unique result.

expss_enable_value_labels_support_extreme()
# now we see "Hard to say" with zero counts
table(nps) 
## nps
##  Detractors Neutralists   Promoters Hard to say 
##           2           2           4           0
# weird 'unique'! There is a value 99 which is absent in 'nps'
unique(nps) 
## LABEL: Net promoter score 
## VALUES:
## -1, 0, 1, 99
## VALUE LABELS:               
##  -1 Detractors 
##   0 Neutralists
##   1 Promoters  
##  99 Hard to say

Return immediately to defaults to avoid issues:

expss_enable_value_labels_support()

Labels are preserved during common operations on the data

There are special methods for subsetting and concatenating labelled variables. These methods preserve labels during common operations. We don’t need to restore labels on subsetted or sorted data.frame.

mtcars with labels:

str(mtcars)
## 'data.frame':    32 obs. of  11 variables:
##  $ mpg :Class 'labelled' num  21 21 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 ...
##    .. .. LABEL: Miles/(US) gallon 
##  $ cyl :Class 'labelled' num  6 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 4 6 ...
##    .. .. LABEL: Number of cylinders 
##  $ disp:Class 'labelled' num  160 160 108 258 360 ...
##    .. .. LABEL: Displacement (cu.in.) 
##  $ hp  :Class 'labelled' num  110 110 93 110 175 105 245 62 95 123 ...
##    .. .. LABEL: Gross horsepower 
##  $ drat:Class 'labelled' num  3.9 3.9 3.85 3.08 3.15 2.76 3.21 3.69 3.92 3.92 ...
##    .. .. LABEL: Rear axle ratio 
##  $ wt  :Class 'labelled' num  2.62 2.88 2.32 3.21 3.44 ...
##    .. .. LABEL: Weight (1000 lbs) 
##  $ qsec:Class 'labelled' num  16.5 17 18.6 19.4 17 ...
##    .. .. LABEL: 1/4 mile time 
##  $ vs  :Class 'labelled' num  0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 ...
##    .. .. LABEL: Engine 
##    .. .. VALUE LABELS [1:2]: 0=V-engine, 1=Straight engine 
##  $ am  :Class 'labelled' num  1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##    .. .. LABEL: Transmission 
##    .. .. VALUE LABELS [1:2]: 0=Automatic, 1=Manual 
##  $ gear:Class 'labelled' num  4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 ...
##    .. .. LABEL: Number of forward gears 
##  $ carb:Class 'labelled' num  4 4 1 1 2 1 4 2 2 4 ...
##    .. .. LABEL: Number of carburetors

Make subset of the data.frame:

mtcars_subset = mtcars[1:10, ]

Labels are here, nothing is lost:

str(mtcars_subset)
## 'data.frame':    10 obs. of  11 variables:
##  $ mpg :Class 'labelled' num  21 21 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2
##    .. .. LABEL: Miles/(US) gallon 
##  $ cyl :Class 'labelled' num  6 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 4 6
##    .. .. LABEL: Number of cylinders 
##  $ disp:Class 'labelled' num  160 160 108 258 360 ...
##    .. .. LABEL: Displacement (cu.in.) 
##  $ hp  :Class 'labelled' num  110 110 93 110 175 105 245 62 95 123
##    .. .. LABEL: Gross horsepower 
##  $ drat:Class 'labelled' num  3.9 3.9 3.85 3.08 3.15 2.76 3.21 3.69 3.92 3.92
##    .. .. LABEL: Rear axle ratio 
##  $ wt  :Class 'labelled' num  2.62 2.88 2.32 3.21 3.44 ...
##    .. .. LABEL: Weight (1000 lbs) 
##  $ qsec:Class 'labelled' num  16.5 17 18.6 19.4 17 ...
##    .. .. LABEL: 1/4 mile time 
##  $ vs  :Class 'labelled' num  0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
##    .. .. LABEL: Engine 
##    .. .. VALUE LABELS [1:2]: 0=V-engine, 1=Straight engine 
##  $ am  :Class 'labelled' num  1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
##    .. .. LABEL: Transmission 
##    .. .. VALUE LABELS [1:2]: 0=Automatic, 1=Manual 
##  $ gear:Class 'labelled' num  4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4
##    .. .. LABEL: Number of forward gears 
##  $ carb:Class 'labelled' num  4 4 1 1 2 1 4 2 2 4
##    .. .. LABEL: Number of carburetors

Interaction with ‘haven’

To use expss with haven you need to load expss strictly after haven (or other package with implemented ‘labelled’ class) to avoid conflicts. And it is better to use read_spss with explict package specification: haven::read_spss. See example below. haven package doesn’t set ‘labelled’ class for variables which have variable label but don’t have value labels. It leads to labels losing during subsetting and other operations. We have a special function to fix this: add_labelled_class. Apply it to dataset loaded by haven.

# we need to load packages strictly in this order to avoid conflicts
library(haven)
library(expss)
spss_data = haven::read_spss("spss_file.sav")
# add missing 'labelled' class
spss_data = add_labelled_class(spss_data)