---
title: "Coefficient of Variation: cv_versatile"
author: "Maani Beigy"
date: "February 18, 2019"
output: 
    rmarkdown::html_vignette
bibliography: cvcqv.bib
csl: apa.csl
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{cv_versatile}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
---

```{r setup, include=FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
```

# Coefficient of Variation   
Coefficient of variation *($CV$)* is a measure of relative dispersion representing 
the degree of variability relative to the mean [@Albatineh2014]. 
Since cv is unitless, it is useful for comparison of variables with different 
units [@Albatineh2014]. It is also a measure of homogeneity. The *population* coefficient of variation is:    
$$CV = \frac{\sigma}{\mu},$$
where $\sigma$ is the population standard deviation and $\mu$ is the population mean. Almost always, we analyze data from samples but want to generalize it 
as the population's parameter [@Albatineh2014]. Its sample's estimate is given 
as:    
$$cv = \frac{sd}{\bar{X}}$$   
where $sd$ is the sample standard deviation, the square root of the unbiased estimator of population variance, and $\bar{X}$ is the sample mean. The 
corrected *cv* to account for the sample size is:
$$
cv_{corr} = cv * \biggl(1 - \frac{1}{4(n-1)} 
+ \frac{1}{n}cv^2 
+ \frac{1}{2 (n-1)^2} \biggr)
$$
There are various methods for the calculation of **confidence intervals (CI)** 
for *cv*. All of them are fruitful and have particular use cases. Some of them 
are model-based hence their usage depends the assumptions regarding the distribution of data. For sake of versatility, we cover almost all of these methods in `cvcqv` package. Here, we explain them along with some examples:

### Kelley Confidence Interval        

Let us assume that *CV* follows a noncentral *t* distribution, when the parent  population of the scores is *normally-distributed*, with noncentrality 
($\lambda$) parameter:   
$$
\lambda = \frac{\sqrt{n}}{cv}
$$
with *v* degrees of freedom, where $v = n - 1$. 
Let $1 - \alpha$ be the CI coverage with $\alpha_L + \alpha_U = \alpha$ in which $\alpha_L$ is the the proportion of times that *cv* will be 
less than the lower confidence bound and $\alpha_U$ the proportion of times that
*cv* will be greater than the upper confidence bound in the CI procedure [@Kelley2007]. The lower confidence tile for $\lambda$ is is the noncentrality parameter that results in $t_{(1-\alpha_L,v,\lambda_L)}=\hat{\lambda}$ and the
upper confidence tile for $\lambda$ is is the noncentrality parameter that 
results in $t_{(\alpha_U,v,\lambda_U)}=\hat{\lambda}$, where $t_{(1-\alpha_L,v,\lambda_L)}=\hat{\lambda}$ is the value of noncentral *t* distribution at the $1-\alpha_L$ **quantile** with noncentrality parameter $\lambda_L$ and $t_{(\alpha_U,v,\lambda_U)}=\hat{\lambda}$ is the value of noncentral *t* distribution at the $\alpha_U$ **quantile** with noncentrality parameter $\lambda_U$, respectively [@Kelley2007].   
Afterwards, we transform the tiles of the confidence interval for $\lambda$, by
dividing the tiles by $\sqrt{n}$ and thereafter inverting them; the CI limits of 
$cv$ will be obtained:  
$$
p\left[\biggl(\frac{\lambda_U}{\sqrt{n}}\biggr)^{-1}
\le CV \le \biggl(\frac{\lambda_L}{\sqrt{n}}\biggr)^{-1}\right] = 1-\alpha
$$
where $p$ stands for *probability*. Thanks to package `MBESS` [@Kelley2018] for 
the computation of confidence limits for the noncentrality parameter from a *t* distribution (`conf.limits.nct`), $cv$ will be obtained as: 
```{r echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, include = FALSE}
library(dplyr)
library(boot)
x <- c(
    0.2, 0.5, 1.1, 1.4, 1.8, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 3.5, 4.4,
    4.6, 5.4, 5.4, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0, 6.6, 7.1, 7.9
)
cv_versatile <- function(
    x,  # Currently there are methods for numeric vectors
    na.rm = FALSE,  # indicating whether NA values should be stripped
    digits = 1,  # digits of output after rounding. default is 4
    method = NULL,  # method for the computation of confidence interval (CI)
    correction = FALSE,  # indicating whether to compute the unbiased statistics
    alpha = 0.05,  # The allowed type I error probability
    R = NULL,  # integer indicating the number of bootstrap replicates
    ...
) {
    # library(MBESS)
    # require(dplyr)
    # require(SciViews)
    # require(boot)
    if (missing(x) || is.null(x)) {
        stop("object 'x' not found")
    } else if (!missing(x)) {
        x <- x
    }
    if (!is.numeric(x)) {
        stop("argument is not a numeric vector: returning NA")
        return(NA_real_)
    }
    na.rm <- na.rm  # removes NAs if TRUE
    if (na.rm == TRUE) {
        x <- x[!is.na(x)]
    } else if (anyNA(x)) {
        stop(
            "missing values and NaN's not allowed if 'na.rm' is FALSE"
        )
    }

    if (is.null(digits)) {
        digits = 1
    }
    if (is.null(R)) {
        R = 1000
    }
    digits <- digits  # digits required for rounding
    shortest_length <- data.frame(  # "a" and "b" values for shortest-length CI
        v = c(  # degrees of freedom
            2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
            21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,
            100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
            14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
            30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 2, 3, 4,
            5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
            22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,
            100, 150, 200, 250, 300
        ),
        al = c(  # al is the allowed type I error probability
            0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1,
            0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1,
            0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1,
            0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1,
            0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05,
            0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05,
            0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05,
            0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05,
            0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05,
            0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01,
            0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01,
            0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01,
            0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01,
            0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01
        ),
        a = c(  # a is an attribute for the length of CI
            0.2065, 0.5654, 1.02, 1.5352, 2.093, 2.6828, 3.2981, 3.9343,
            4.5883, 5.2573, 5.9397, 6.6337, 7.3382, 8.0521, 8.7745,
            9.5047, 10.2421, 10.9861, 11.7362, 12.4919, 13.253,
            14.0191, 14.7899, 15.565, 16.3443, 17.1275, 17.9144,
            18.7049, 19.4987, 27.5919, 35.9012, 44.3661, 52.9501,
            61.629, 70.386, 79.2086, 124.0372, 169.6646, 215.8057,
            262.3132, 0.1015, 0.3449, 0.6918, 1.1092, 1.5776,
            2.0851, 2.6235, 3.1874, 3.7729, 4.3768, 4.9967,
            5.6308, 6.2776, 6.9357, 7.6042, 8.282, 8.9685,
            9.6629, 10.3647, 11.0733, 11.7882, 12.5092,
            13.2357, 13.9675, 14.7043, 15.4458, 16.1917,
            16.9419, 17.6961, 25.4233, 33.4085, 41.5794, 49.8923,
            58.3183, 66.8374, 75.4347, 119.2737, 164.0642,
            209.4667, 255.3057, 0.02, 0.114, 0.2937, 0.5461,
            0.8567, 1.2143, 1.6107, 2.0394, 2.4958, 2.976, 3.4771,
            3.9968, 4.5329, 5.084, 5.6487, 6.2256, 6.8139, 7.4126,
            8.0209, 8.6383, 9.264, 9.8976, 10.5385, 11.1864, 11.8408,
            12.5014, 13.1678, 13.8397, 14.517, 21.5331, 28.8879,
            36.4863, 44.2711, 52.2044, 60.2597, 68.4177, 110.3262,
            153.4834, 197.444, 241.9776
        ),
        b = c(  # b is an attribute for the length of CI
            12.5208, 13.1532, 14.18, 15.3498, 16.5807, 17.8391,
            19.1099, 20.3848, 21.6598, 22.9325, 24.2016,
            25.4666, 26.7269, 27.9825, 29.2334, 30.4796,
            31.7212, 32.9585, 34.1915, 35.4205, 36.6455,
            37.8668, 39.0844, 40.2986, 41.5095, 42.7171,
            43.9217, 45.1234, 46.3222, 58.1755, 69.8342,
            81.3479, 92.7487, 104.0584, 115.2925, 126.4628,
            181.6128, 235.9748, 289.8273, 343.3155, 15.1194,
            15.5897, 16.5735, 17.7432, 18.9954, 20.2863,
            21.5953, 22.9118, 24.2303, 25.5476, 26.8618,
            28.1717, 29.4769, 30.777, 32.072, 33.3619,
            34.6467, 35.9266, 37.2016, 38.472, 39.7379,
            40.9995, 42.257, 43.5105, 44.7601, 46.006,
            47.2483, 48.4872, 49.7229, 61.9217, 73.892,
            85.6914, 97.3573, 108.9153, 120.3839, 131.7767,
            187.9079, 243.1025, 297.691, 351.8461, 20.8264,
            20.9856, 21.8371, 22.9867, 24.2618, 25.6017,
            26.9749, 28.3643, 29.7602, 31.158, 32.5543,
            33.9474, 35.3358, 36.7192, 38.0968, 39.4688,
            40.8347, 42.1952, 43.5498, 44.8989, 46.2426,
            47.581, 48.9144, 50.2428, 51.5665, 52.8856,
            54.2002, 55.5107, 56.8169, 69.6808, 82.2534,
            94.6063, 106.7867, 118.8272, 130.7514, 142.5771,
            200.6194, 257.4375, 313.462, 368.9185
        )
    )
    if ("kelley" %in% method) {
        if (!require(MBESS)) {
            warning(
        "package 'MBESS' required to calculate Kelley's confidence interval"
            )
        }
    }
    cv <- (
        sd(x, na.rm = na.rm)/mean(x, na.rm = na.rm)  # coefficient of variation
    )
    cv_corr <- cv * (
        (1 - (1/(4 * (length(x) - 1))) +  # corrected coefficient of variation
             (1/length(x)) * cv^2) +
            (1/(2 * (length(x) - 1)^2))
    )
    if (is.null(method) == TRUE & correction == FALSE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = "cv = sd/mean (may be biased)",
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(cv*100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                    )
                )
            )
    } else if (is.null(method) == TRUE & correction == TRUE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = "Corrected (i.e., unbiased) cv",
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(cv_corr*100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if (!is.null(method)) {
        method <- tolower(method)  # convert user's input to lower-case
        method <- match.arg(  # match the user's input with available methods
            arg = method,
            choices = c(
                "kelley", "mckay", "miller", "vangel", "mahmoudvand_hassani",
                "equal_tailed", "shortest_length", "normal_approximation",
                "norm","basic", "perc", "bca", "all"
            ),
            several.ok = TRUE
        )
    }

# calculating cv's bootstrap CI
    boot.cv <- boot::boot(
        x,
        function(x, i) {  # coefficient of variation
            sd(x[i], na.rm = na.rm)/mean(x[i], na.rm = na.rm)
        },
        R = R
    )
    boot.cv_corr <- boot::boot(
        x,
        function(x, i) {  # corrected coefficient of variation
            sd(x[i], na.rm = na.rm)/mean(x[i], na.rm = na.rm) * (
                (1 - (1/(4 * (length(x[i]) - 1))) +
                     (1/length(x)) * (
                         sd(x[i], na.rm = na.rm)/mean(x[i], na.rm = na.rm)
                     )^2) +
                    (1/(2 * (length(x) - 1)^2))
            )
        },
        R = R
    )
# calculating cv and its CI attributes based on selected methods
    if ("kelley" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        ci <- MBESS::conf.limits.nct(
            ncp = sqrt(length(x))/cv_corr,
            df = length(x) - 1,
            conf.level = (1 - alpha)
        )
        est.kelley <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.kelley <- unname(sqrt(length(x))/ci$Upper.Limit)
        upper.tile.kelley <- unname(sqrt(length(x))/ci$Lower.Limit)
    } else if ("kelley" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        ci <- MBESS::conf.limits.nct(
            ncp = sqrt(length(x))/cv_corr,
            df = length(x) - 1,
            conf.level = (1 - alpha)
        )
        est.kelley <- cv_corr  # corrected cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.kelley <- unname(sqrt(length(x))/ci$Upper.Limit)
        upper.tile.kelley <- unname(sqrt(length(x))/ci$Lower.Limit)
    } else if ("mckay" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        if (cv > 0.33) {
            warning("Confidence interval may be very approximate")
        }
        v <- length(x) - 1
        t1 <- qchisq(1 - alpha/2,v)/v
        t2 <- qchisq(alpha/2,v)/v
        u1 <- v*t1
        u2 <- v*t2
        est.mckay <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.mckay <- cv/sqrt((u1/(v + 1) - 1 )*(cv^2) + u1/v)
        upper.tile.mckay <- cv/sqrt((u2/(v + 1) - 1)*(cv^2) + u2/v)
    } else if ("mckay" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        if (cv_corr > 0.33) {
            warning("Confidence interval may be very approximate")
        }
        v <- length(x) - 1
        t1 <- qchisq(1 - alpha/2,v)/v
        t2 <- qchisq(alpha/2,v)/v
        u1 <- v*t1
        u2 <- v*t2
        est.mckay <- cv_corr  # corrected cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.mckay <- cv_corr/sqrt((u1/(v + 1) - 1 )*(cv_corr^2) + u1/v)
        upper.tile.mckay <- cv_corr/sqrt((u2/(v + 1) - 1)*(cv_corr^2) + u2/v)
    } else if ("miller" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        v <- length(x) - 1
        z_alpha_over2 <- qnorm(1 - (alpha/2))
        u <- sqrt(
            (cv^2/v) * (0.5 + cv^2)
        )
        zu <- z_alpha_over2 * u
        est.miller <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.miller <- cv - zu
        upper.tile.miller <- cv + zu
    } else if ("miller" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        v <- length(x) - 1
        z_alpha_over2 <- qnorm(1 - (alpha/2))
        u <- sqrt(
            (cv_corr^2/v) * (0.5 + cv_corr^2)
        )
        zu <- z_alpha_over2 * u
        est.miller <- cv_corr  # corrected cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.miller <- cv_corr - zu
        upper.tile.miller <- cv_corr + zu
    }  else if ("vangel" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        if (cv > 0.33) {
            warning("Confidence interval may be very approximate")
        }
        v <- length(x) - 1
        t1 <- qchisq(1 - alpha/2,v)/v
        t2 <- qchisq(alpha/2,v)/v
        u1 <- v*t1
        u2 <- v*t2
        est.vangel <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.vangel <- cv/sqrt(((u1 + 1)/(v + 1) - 1 )*(cv^2) + u1/v)
        upper.tile.vangel <- cv/sqrt(((u2 + 1)/(v + 1) - 1)*(cv^2) + u2/v)
    } else if ("vangel" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        if (cv_corr > 0.33) {
            warning("Confidence interval may be very approximate")
        }
        v <- length(x) - 1
        t1 <- qchisq(1 - alpha/2,v)/v
        t2 <- qchisq(alpha/2,v)/v
        u1 <- v*t1
        u2 <- v*t2
        est.vangel <- cv_corr  # corrected cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.vangel <- cv_corr/sqrt(
            ((u1 + 1)/(v + 1) - 1 )*(cv_corr^2) + u1/v
            )
        upper.tile.vangel <- cv_corr/sqrt(
            ((u2 + 1)/(v + 1) - 1)*(cv_corr^2) + u2/v
            )
    } else if ("mahmoudvand_hassani" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        if (length(x) <= 340) {
            cn <- sqrt(2/(length(x) - 1)) * (
                (gamma(length(x)/2))/(gamma((length(x) - 1)/2))
                )
        } else {
            cn <- sqrt(2/(length(x) - 1)) * (
                (lgamma(length(x)/2))/(lgamma((length(x) - 1)/2))
            )
        }
        ul <- 2 - (cn + (qnorm((alpha/2)) * sqrt(1 - cn^2)))
        uu <- 2 - (cn - (qnorm((alpha/2)) * sqrt(1 - cn^2)))
        est.mahmoud <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.mahmoud <- cv/ul
        upper.tile.mahmoud <- cv/uu
    } else if ("mahmoudvand_hassani" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        if (length(x) <= 340) {
            cn <- sqrt(2/(length(x) - 1)) * (
                (gamma(length(x)/2))/(gamma((length(x) - 1)/2))
            )
        } else {
            cn <- sqrt(2/(length(x) - 1)) * (
                (lgamma(length(x)/2))/(lgamma((length(x) - 1)/2))
            )
        }
        ul <- 2 - (cn + (qnorm((alpha/2)) * sqrt(1 - cn^2)))
        uu <- 2 - (cn - (qnorm((alpha/2)) * sqrt(1 - cn^2)))
        est.mahmoud <- cv_corr  # corrected cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.mahmoud <- cv_corr/ul
        upper.tile.mahmoud <- cv_corr/uu
    } else if ("normal_approximation" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        cn <- sqrt(1 - (1/(2 * length(x))))
        ul <- cn + (qnorm(1 - (alpha/2)) * sqrt(1 - cn^2))
        uu <- cn - (qnorm(1 - (alpha/2)) * sqrt(1 - cn^2))
        est.normaapprox <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.normaapprox <- cv/ul
        upper.tile.normaapprox <- cv/uu
    } else if ("normal_approximation" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        cn <- sqrt(1 - (1/(2 * length(x))))
        ul <- cn + (qnorm(1 - (alpha/2)) * sqrt(1 - cn^2))
        uu <- cn - (qnorm(1 - (alpha/2)) * sqrt(1 - cn^2))
        est.normaapprox <- cv_corr  # corrected cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.normaapprox <- cv_corr/ul
        upper.tile.normaapprox <- cv_corr/uu
    } else if ("shortest_length" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        if (length(x) <= 300) {
            a_value <- shortest_length %>%
                subset(al == alpha & v == length(x) - 1) %>%
                dplyr::select(a)
            b_value <- shortest_length %>%
                subset(al == alpha & v == length(x) - 1) %>%
                dplyr::select(b)
        } else if (length(x) > 300) {
            a_value <- shortest_length %>%
                subset(al == alpha & v == 300) %>%
                dplyr::select(a)
            b_value <- shortest_length %>%
                subset(al == alpha & v == 300) %>%
                dplyr::select(b)
        }
        est.shortest <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.shortest <- (cv*sqrt(length(x) - 1))/sqrt(b_value$b)
        upper.tile.shortest <- (cv*sqrt(length(x) - 1))/sqrt(a_value$a)
    } else if ("shortest_length" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        if (length(x) <= 300) {
            a_value <- shortest_length %>%
                subset(al == alpha & v == length(x) - 1) %>%
                dplyr::select(a)
            b_value <- shortest_length %>%
                subset(al == alpha & v == length(x) - 1) %>%
                dplyr::select(b)
        } else if (length(x) > 300) {
            a_value <- shortest_length %>%
                subset(al == alpha & v == 300) %>%
                dplyr::select(a)
            b_value <- shortest_length %>%
                subset(al == alpha & v == 300) %>%
                dplyr::select(b)
        }
        est.shortest <- cv_corr  # corrected cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.shortest <- (cv_corr*sqrt(length(x) - 1))/sqrt(b_value$b)
        upper.tile.shortest <- (cv_corr*sqrt(length(x) - 1))/sqrt(a_value$a)
    } else if ("equal_tailed" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        v <- length(x) - 1
        tt1 <- qchisq(1 - alpha/2,v)
        tt2 <- qchisq(alpha/2,v)
        est.equal <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.equal <- (cv*sqrt(v))/(sqrt(tt1))
        upper.tile.equal <- (cv*sqrt(v))/(sqrt(tt2))
    } else if ("equal_tailed" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        v <- length(x) - 1
        tt1 <- qchisq(1 - alpha/2,v)
        tt2 <- qchisq(alpha/2,v)
        est.equal <- cv_corr  # corrected cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.equal <- (cv_corr*sqrt(v))/(sqrt(tt1))
        upper.tile.equal <- (cv_corr*sqrt(v))/(sqrt(tt2))
    } else if ("norm" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        boot.normcv.ci <- boot::boot.ci(
            boot.cv, conf = (1 - alpha), type = "norm"
        )
        est.norm <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.norm <- boot.normcv.ci$normal[2]
        upper.tile.norm <- boot.normcv.ci$normal[3]
    } else if ("norm" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        boot.normcv_corr.ci <- boot::boot.ci(
            boot.cv_corr, conf = (1 - alpha), type = "norm"
        )
        est.norm <- cv_corr  # corrected cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.norm <- boot.normcv_corr.ci$normal[2]
        upper.tile.norm <- boot.normcv_corr.ci$normal[3]
    } else if ("basic" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        boot.basiccv.ci <- boot::boot.ci(
            boot.cv, conf = (1 - alpha), type = "basic"
        )
        est.basic <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.basic <- boot.basiccv.ci$basic[4]
        upper.tile.basic <- boot.basiccv.ci$basic[5]
    } else if ("basic" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        boot.basiccv_corr.ci <- boot::boot.ci(
            boot.cv_corr, conf = (1 - alpha), type = "basic"
        )
        est.basic <- cv_corr  # corrected cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.basic <- boot.basiccv_corr.ci$basic[4]
        upper.tile.basic <- boot.basiccv_corr.ci$basic[5]
    } else if ("perc" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        boot.percentcv.ci <- boot::boot.ci(
            boot.cv, conf = (1 - alpha), type = "basic"
        )
        est.percent <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.percent <- boot.percentcv.ci$percent[4]
        upper.tile.percent <- boot.percentcv.ci$percent[5]
    } else if ("perc" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        boot.percentcv_corr.ci <- boot::boot.ci(
            boot.cv_corr, conf = (1 - alpha), type = "basic"
        )
        est.percent <- cv_corr  # corrected cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.percent <- boot.percentcv_corr.ci$percent[4]
        upper.tile.percent <- boot.percentcv_corr.ci$percent[5]
    } else if ("bca" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        boot.bcacv.ci <- boot::boot.ci(
            boot.cv, conf = (1 - alpha), type = "basic"
        )
        est.bca <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.bca <- boot.bcacv.ci$bca[4]
        upper.tile.bca <- boot.bcacv.ci$bca[5]
    } else if ("bca" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        boot.bcacv_corr.ci <- boot::boot.ci(
            boot.cv_corr, conf = (1 - alpha), type = "basic"
        )
        est.bca <- cv_corr  # corrected cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.bca <- boot.bcacv_corr.ci$percent[4]
        upper.tile.bca <- boot.bcacv_corr.ci$percent[5]
    } else if (method == "all" && correction == FALSE) {
        est.all <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        ci <- MBESS::conf.limits.nct(
            ncp = sqrt(length(x))/cv_corr,
            df = length(x) - 1,
            conf.level = (1 - alpha)
        )
        lower.tile.kelley <- unname(sqrt(length(x))/ci$Upper.Limit)
        upper.tile.kelley <- unname(sqrt(length(x))/ci$Lower.Limit)
        if (cv > 0.33) {
            warning("Confidence interval may be very approximate")
        }
        v <- length(x) - 1
        t1 <- qchisq(1 - alpha/2,v)/v
        t2 <- qchisq(alpha/2,v)/v
        u1 <- v*t1
        u2 <- v*t2
        est.mckay <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.mckay <- cv/sqrt((u1/(v + 1) - 1 )*(cv^2) + u1/v)
        upper.tile.mckay <- cv/sqrt((u2/(v + 1) - 1)*(cv^2) + u2/v)
        z_alpha_over2 <- qnorm(1 - (alpha/2))
        u <- sqrt(
            (cv^2/v) * (0.5 + cv^2)
        )
        zu <- z_alpha_over2 * u
        est.miller <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.miller <- cv - zu
        upper.tile.miller <- cv + zu
        tt1 <- qchisq(1 - alpha/2,v)/v
        tt2 <- qchisq(alpha/2,v)/v
        uu1 <- v*tt1
        uu2 <- v*tt2
        est.vangel <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.vangel <- cv/sqrt(((uu1 + 1)/(v + 1) - 1 )*(cv^2) + uu1/v)
        upper.tile.vangel <- cv/sqrt(((uu2 + 1)/(v + 1) - 1)*(cv^2) + uu2/v)
        if (length(x) <= 340) {
            cn <- sqrt(2/(length(x) - 1)) * (
                (gamma(length(x)/2))/(gamma((length(x) - 1)/2))
            )
        } else {
            cn <- sqrt(2/(length(x) - 1)) * (
                (lgamma(length(x)/2))/(lgamma((length(x) - 1)/2))
            )
        }
        ul <- 2 - (cn + (qnorm((alpha/2)) * sqrt(1 - cn^2)))
        uu <- 2 - (cn - (qnorm((alpha/2)) * sqrt(1 - cn^2)))
        est.mahmoud <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.mahmoud <- cv/ul
        upper.tile.mahmoud <- cv/uu
        cnt <- sqrt(1 - (1/(2 * length(x))))
        ult <- cnt + (qnorm(1 - (alpha/2)) * sqrt(1 - cnt^2))
        uut <- cnt - (qnorm(1 - (alpha/2)) * sqrt(1 - cnt^2))
        est.normaapprox <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.normaapprox <- cv/ult
        upper.tile.normaapprox <- cv/uut
        if (length(x) <= 300) {
            a_value <- shortest_length %>%
                subset(al == alpha & v == length(x) - 1) %>%
                dplyr::select(a)
            b_value <- shortest_length %>%
                subset(al == alpha & v == length(x) - 1) %>%
                dplyr::select(b)
        } else if (length(x) > 300) {
            a_value <- shortest_length %>%
                subset(al == alpha & v == 300) %>%
                dplyr::select(a)
            b_value <- shortest_length %>%
                subset(al == alpha & v == 300) %>%
                dplyr::select(b)
        }
        est.shortest <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.shortest <- (cv*sqrt(length(x) - 1))/sqrt(b_value$b)
        upper.tile.shortest <- (cv*sqrt(length(x) - 1))/sqrt(a_value$a)
        ttt1 <- qchisq(1 - alpha/2,v)
        ttt2 <- qchisq(alpha/2,v)
        est.equal <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.equal <- (cv*sqrt(v))/(sqrt(ttt1))
        upper.tile.equal <- (cv*sqrt(v))/(sqrt(ttt2))
        boot.normcv.ci <- boot::boot.ci(
            boot.cv, conf = (1 - alpha), type = "norm"
        )
        est.norm <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.norm <- boot.normcv.ci$normal[2]
        upper.tile.norm <- boot.normcv.ci$normal[3]
        boot.basiccv.ci <- boot::boot.ci(
            boot.cv, conf = (1 - alpha), type = "basic"
        )
        est.basic <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.basic <- boot.basiccv.ci$basic[4]
        upper.tile.basic <- boot.basiccv.ci$basic[5]
        boot.percentcv.ci <- boot::boot.ci(
            boot.cv, conf = (1 - alpha), type = "basic"
        )
        est.percent <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.percent <- boot.percentcv.ci$percent[4]
        upper.tile.percent <- boot.percentcv.ci$percent[5]
        boot.bcacv.ci <- boot::boot.ci(
            boot.cv, conf = (1 - alpha), type = "basic"
        )
        est.bca <- cv  # cv is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.bca <- boot.bcacv.ci$bca[4]
        upper.tile.bca <- boot.bcacv.ci$bca[5]
    } else if (method == "all" && correction == TRUE) {
        est.all <- cv_corr  # cv_corr is an estimate of CV
        ci <- MBESS::conf.limits.nct(
            ncp = sqrt(length(x))/cv_corr,
            df = length(x) - 1,
            conf.level = (1 - alpha)
        )
        lower.tile.kelley <- unname(sqrt(length(x))/ci$Upper.Limit)
        upper.tile.kelley <- unname(sqrt(length(x))/ci$Lower.Limit)
        if (cv_corr > 0.33) {
            warning("Confidence interval may be very approximate")
        }
        v <- length(x) - 1
        t1 <- qchisq(1 - alpha/2,v)/v
        t2 <- qchisq(alpha/2,v)/v
        u1 <- v*t1
        u2 <- v*t2
        est.mckay <- cv_corr  # cv_corr is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.mckay <- cv_corr/sqrt((u1/(v + 1) - 1 )*(cv_corr^2) + u1/v)
        upper.tile.mckay <- cv_corr/sqrt((u2/(v + 1) - 1)*(cv_corr^2) + u2/v)
        z_alpha_over2 <- qnorm(1 - (alpha/2))
        u <- sqrt(
            (cv_corr^2/v) * (0.5 + cv_corr^2)
        )
        zu <- z_alpha_over2 * u
        est.miller <- cv_corr  # cv_corr is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.miller <- cv_corr - zu
        upper.tile.miller <- cv_corr + zu
        tt1 <- qchisq(1 - alpha/2,v)/v
        tt2 <- qchisq(alpha/2,v)/v
        uu1 <- v*tt1
        uu2 <- v*tt2
        est.vangel <- cv_corr  # cv_corr is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.vangel <- cv_corr/sqrt(((uu1 + 1)/(v + 1) - 1 )*(cv_corr^2) + uu1/v)
        upper.tile.vangel <- cv_corr/sqrt(((uu2 + 1)/(v + 1) - 1)*(cv_corr^2) + uu2/v)
        if (length(x) <= 340) {
            cn <- sqrt(2/(length(x) - 1)) * (
                (gamma(length(x)/2))/(gamma((length(x) - 1)/2))
            )
        } else {
            cn <- sqrt(2/(length(x) - 1)) * (
                (lgamma(length(x)/2))/(lgamma((length(x) - 1)/2))
            )
        }
        ul <- 2 - (cn + (qnorm((alpha/2)) * sqrt(1 - cn^2)))
        uu <- 2 - (cn - (qnorm((alpha/2)) * sqrt(1 - cn^2)))
        est.mahmoud <- cv_corr  # cv_corr is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.mahmoud <- cv_corr/ul
        upper.tile.mahmoud <- cv_corr/uu
        cnt <- sqrt(1 - (1/(2 * length(x))))
        ult <- cnt + (qnorm(1 - (alpha/2)) * sqrt(1 - cnt^2))
        uut <- cnt - (qnorm(1 - (alpha/2)) * sqrt(1 - cnt^2))
        est.normaapprox <- cv_corr  # cv_corr is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.normaapprox <- cv_corr/ult
        upper.tile.normaapprox <- cv_corr/uut
        if (length(x) <= 300) {
            a_value <- shortest_length %>%
                subset(al == alpha & v == length(x) - 1) %>%
                dplyr::select(a)
            b_value <- shortest_length %>%
                subset(al == alpha & v == length(x) - 1) %>%
                dplyr::select(b)
        } else if (length(x) > 300) {
            a_value <- shortest_length %>%
                subset(al == alpha & v == 300) %>%
                dplyr::select(a)
            b_value <- shortest_length %>%
                subset(al == alpha & v == 300) %>%
                dplyr::select(b)
        }
        est.shortest <- cv_corr  # cv_corr is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.shortest <- (cv_corr*sqrt(length(x) - 1))/sqrt(b_value$b)
        upper.tile.shortest <- (cv_corr*sqrt(length(x) - 1))/sqrt(a_value$a)
        ttt1 <- qchisq(1 - alpha/2,v)
        ttt2 <- qchisq(alpha/2,v)
        est.equal <- cv_corr  # cv_corr is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.equal <- (cv_corr*sqrt(v))/(sqrt(ttt1))
        upper.tile.equal <- (cv_corr*sqrt(v))/(sqrt(ttt2))
        boot.normcv_corr.ci <- boot::boot.ci(
            boot.cv_corr, conf = (1 - alpha), type = "norm"
        )
        est.norm <- cv_corr  # cv_corr is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.norm <- boot.normcv_corr.ci$normal[2]
        upper.tile.norm <- boot.normcv_corr.ci$normal[3]
        boot.basiccv_corr.ci <- boot::boot.ci(
            boot.cv_corr, conf = (1 - alpha), type = "basic"
        )
        est.basic <- cv_corr  # cv_corr is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.basic <- boot.basiccv_corr.ci$basic[4]
        upper.tile.basic <- boot.basiccv_corr.ci$basic[5]
        boot.percentcv_corr.ci <- boot::boot.ci(
            boot.cv_corr, conf = (1 - alpha), type = "basic"
        )
        est.percent <- cv_corr  # cv_corr is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.percent <- boot.percentcv_corr.ci$percent[4]
        upper.tile.percent <- boot.percentcv_corr.ci$percent[5]
        boot.bcacv_corr.ci <- boot::boot.ci(
            boot.cv_corr, conf = (1 - alpha), type = "basic"
        )
        est.bca <- cv_corr  # cv_corr is an estimate of CV
        lower.tile.bca <- boot.bcacv_corr.ci$bca[4]
        upper.tile.bca <- boot.bcacv_corr.ci$bca[5]
    }
# preparing the output based on the selected methods
    if ("kelley" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "cv with Kelley 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.kelley * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.kelley * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.kelley * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("kelley" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "Corrected cv with Kelley 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.kelley * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.kelley * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.kelley * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("mckay" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "cv with McKay 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.mckay * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.mckay * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.mckay * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("mckay" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "Corrected cv with McKay 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.mckay * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.mckay * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.mckay * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("miller" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                   "cv with Miller 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.miller * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.miller * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.miller * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("miller" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "Corrected cv with Miller 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.miller * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.miller * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.miller * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("vangel" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "cv with Vangel 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.vangel * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.vangel * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.vangel * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("vangel" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "Corrected cv with Vangel 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.vangel * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.vangel * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.vangel * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("mahmoudvand_hassani" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "cv with Mahmoudvand-Hassani 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.mahmoud * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.mahmoud * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.mahmoud * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("mahmoudvand_hassani" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "Corrected cv with Mahmoudvand-Hassani 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.mahmoud * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.mahmoud * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.mahmoud * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("normal_approximation" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "cv with Normal Approximation 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.normaapprox * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(
                        lower.tile.normaapprox * 100, digits = digits
                    ),
                    upper = round(
                        upper.tile.normaapprox * 100, digits = digits
                    ),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("normal_approximation" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "Corrected cv with Normal Approximation 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.normaapprox * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(
                        lower.tile.normaapprox * 100, digits = digits
                        ),
                    upper = round(
                        upper.tile.normaapprox * 100, digits = digits
                    ),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("shortest_length" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "cv with Shortest-Length 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.shortest * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.shortest * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.shortest * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("shortest_length" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "Corrected cv with Shortest-Length 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.shortest * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.shortest * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.shortest * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("equal_tailed" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "cv with Equal-Tailed 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.equal * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.equal * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.equal * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("equal_tailed" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "Corrected cv with Equal-Tailed 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.equal * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.equal * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.equal * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("norm" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "cv with Normal Approximation Bootstrap 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.norm * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.norm * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.norm * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("norm" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "Corrected cv with Normal Approximation Bootstrap 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.norm * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.norm * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.norm * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("basic" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "cv with Basic Bootstrap 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.basic * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.basic * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.basic * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
            )
    } else if ("basic" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = (
                    "Corrected cv with Basic Bootstrap 95% CI"
                ),
                statistics = data.frame(
                    est = round(est.basic * 100, digits = digits),
                    lower = round(lower.tile.basic * 100, digits = digits),
                    upper = round(upper.tile.basic * 100, digits = digits),
                    row.names = c(" ")
                )
            )
        )
    } else if ("percent" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        stop("percent method is not developed yet")
        # return(
        #     list(
        #         method = (
        #             "cv with Bootstrap Percentile 95% CI"
        #         ),
        #         statistics = data.frame(
        #             est = round(est.percent * 100, digits = digits),
        #             lower = round(lower.tile.percent * 100, digits = digits),
        #             upper = round(upper.tile.percent * 100, digits = digits),
        #             row.names = c(" ")
        #         )
        #     )
        #     )
    } else if ("percent" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        stop("percent method is not developed yet")
        # return(
        #     list(
        #         method = (
        #             "Corrected cv with Bootstrap Percentile 95% CI"
        #         ),
        #         statistics = data.frame(
        #             est = round(est.percent * 100, digits = digits),
        #             lower = round(lower.tile.percent * 100, digits = digits),
        #             upper = round(upper.tile.percent * 100, digits = digits),
        #             row.names = c(" ")
        #         )
        #     )
        # )
    } else if ("bca" %in% method && correction == FALSE) {
        stop("BCa method is not developed yet")
        # return(
        #     list(
        #         method = (
        #             "cv with Adjusted Bootstrap Percentile (BCa) 95% CI"
        #         ),
        #         statistics = data.frame(
        #             est = round(est.bca * 100, digits = digits),
        #             lower = round(lower.tile.bca * 100, digits = digits),
        #             upper = round(upper.tile.bca * 100, digits = digits),
        #             row.names = c(" ")
        #         )
        #     )
        #     )
    } else if ("bca" %in% method && correction == TRUE) {
        stop("BCa method is not developed yet")
        # return(
        #     list(
        #         method = (
        #         "Corrected cv with Adjusted Bootstrap Percentile (BCa) 95% CI"
        #         ),
        #         statistics = data.frame(
        #             est = round(est.bca * 100, digits = digits),
        #             lower = round(lower.tile.bca * 100, digits = digits),
        #             upper = round(upper.tile.bca * 100, digits = digits),
        #             row.names = c(" ")
        #         )
        #     )
        # )
    } else if (method == "all" && correction == FALSE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = "All methods",
                statistics = data.frame(
                    row.names = c(
                        "kelley",  # 1
                        "mckay",  # 2
                        "miller",  # 3
                        "vangel",  # 4
                        "mahmoudvand_hassani",  # 5
                        "equal_tailed",  # 6
                        "shortest_length",  # 7
                        "normal_approximation",  # 8
                        "norm",  # 9
                        "basic"  # 10
                        # "perc"  # 11
                        # "bca"  # 12
                    ),
                    est = c(
                        round(cv * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv * 100, digits = digits),
                        # round(cv * 100, digits = digits),
                        # round(cv * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv * 100, digits = digits)
                        ),
                    lower = c(
                        round(lower.tile.kelley * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.mckay * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.miller * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.vangel * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.mahmoud * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.equal * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.shortest * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.normaapprox * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.norm * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.basic * 100, digits = digits)
                        # ,
                        # round(lower.tile.percent * 100, digits = digits)
                        # ,
                        # round(lower.tile.bca * 100, digits = digits)
                    ),
                    upper = c(
                        round(upper.tile.kelley * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.mckay * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.miller * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.vangel * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.mahmoud * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.equal * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.shortest * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.normaapprox * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.norm * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.basic * 100, digits = digits)
                        # ,
                        # round(upper.tile.percent * 100, digits = digits)
                        # ,
                        # round(upper.tile.bca * 100, digits = digits)
                    ),
                    description = c(
                        "cv with Kelley 95% CI",
                        "cv with McKay 95% CI",
                        "cv with Miller 95% CI",
                        "cv with Vangel 95% CI",
                        "cv with Mahmoudvand-Hassani 95% CI",
                        "cv with Equal-Tailed 95% CI",
                        "cv with Shortest-Length 95% CI",
                        "cv with Normal Approximation 95% CI",
                        "cv with Normal Approximation Bootstrap 95% CI",
                        "cv with Basic Bootstrap 95% CI"
                        # ,
                        # "cv with Bootstrap Percentile 95% CI"
                        # ,
                        # "cv with Adjusted Bootstrap Percentile (BCa) 95% CI"
                    )
                )
            )
        )
    } else if (method == "all" && correction == TRUE) {
        return(
            list(
                method = "All methods",
                statistics = data.frame(
                    row.names = c(
                        "kelley",  # 1
                        "mckay",  # 2
                        "miller",  # 3
                        "vangel",  # 4
                        "mahmoudvand_hassani",  # 5
                        "equal_tailed",  # 6
                        "shortest_length",  # 7
                        "normal_approximation",  # 8
                        "norm",  # 9
                        "basic"  # 10
                        # "perc"  # 11
                        # "bca"  # 12
                    ),
                    est = c(
                        round(cv_corr * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv_corr * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv_corr * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv_corr * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv_corr * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv_corr * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv_corr * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv_corr * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv_corr * 100, digits = digits),
                        # round(cv_corr * 100, digits = digits),
                        # round(cv_corr * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(cv_corr * 100, digits = digits)
                    ),
                    lower = c(
                        round(lower.tile.kelley * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.mckay * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.miller * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.vangel * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.mahmoud * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.equal * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.shortest * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.normaapprox * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.norm * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(lower.tile.basic * 100, digits = digits)
                        # ,
                        # round(lower.tile.percent * 100, digits = digits)
                        # ,
                        # round(lower.tile.bca * 100, digits = digits)
                    ),
                    upper = c(
                        round(upper.tile.kelley * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.mckay * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.miller * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.vangel * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.mahmoud * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.equal * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.shortest * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.normaapprox * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.norm * 100, digits = digits),
                        round(upper.tile.basic * 100, digits = digits)
                        # ,
                        # round(upper.tile.percent * 100, digits = digits)
                        # ,
                        # round(upper.tile.bca * 100, digits = digits)
                    ),
                    description = c(
                "Corrected cv with Kelley 95% CI",
                "Corrected cv with McKay 95% CI",
                "Corrected cv with Miller 95% CI",
                "Corrected cv with Vangel 95% CI",
                "Corrected cv with Mahmoudvand-Hassani 95% CI",
                "Corrected cv with Equal-Tailed 95% CI",
                "Corrected cv with Shortest-Length 95% CI",
                "Corrected cv with Normal Approximation 95% CI",
                "Corrected cv with Normal Approximation Bootstrap 95% CI",
                "Corrected cv with Basic Bootstrap 95% CI"
                # ,
                # "Corrected cv with Bootstrap Percentile 95% CI"
                # ,
                # "Corrected cv with Adjusted Bootstrap Percentile (BCa) 95% CI"
                    )
                )
            )
        )
    }
}
```
```{r eval = TRUE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
x <- c(
    0.2, 0.5, 1.1, 1.4, 1.8, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 3.5, 4.4,
    4.6, 5.4, 5.4, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0, 6.6, 7.1, 7.9
)
cv_versatile(
    x, 
    na.rm = TRUE, 
    digits = 3, 
    method = "kelley", 
    correction = TRUE, 
    alpha = 0.05
)
```
### McKay Confidence Interval
McKay [@McKay1932] introduced the following CI for $cv$; considering $u_1 = \chi_{v,1-\alpha/2}^2$ and $u_1 = \chi_{v,\alpha/2}^2$ being
the $100(1-\alpha/2)\%$ and $100(\alpha/2)\%$ percentile of the $\chi^2$ distribution with $v = n-1$ degrees of freedom, respectively [@Albatineh2014]:   
$$
\biggl(cv\left[\biggl(\frac{u_1}{v}-1\biggr)(cv)^{2}+\frac{u_1}{v}\right]^{-1/2}
\le CV \le cv
\left[\biggl(\frac{u_2}{v}-1\biggr)(cv)^{2}+\frac{u_2}{v}\right]^{-1/2}\biggr)
$$
Let us calculate the 95\% CI for our variable $x$ according to McKay's method [@McKay1932]:
```{r eval = TRUE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
cv_versatile(
    x, 
    na.rm = TRUE, 
    digits = 3, 
    method = "mckay", 
    correction = TRUE, 
    alpha = 0.05
)
```
### Miller Confidence Interval    
Miller [@EdwardMiller1991] introduced the following CI for 
$cv$; considering $Z_{\alpha/2}$ being the $(1-\alpha/2)$ percentile of the standard normal distribution [@Albatineh2014]:
$$
\biggl(cv - Z_{\alpha/2}\sqrt{
\biggl(\frac{cv^2}{v}\biggr)\biggl(\frac{1}{2}+cv^2\biggr)} \le
CV \le cv + Z_{\alpha/2}\sqrt{
\biggl(\frac{cv^2}{v}\biggr)\biggl(\frac{1}{2}+cv^2\biggr)}
\biggr)
$$
where $v = n-1$ is the degree of freedom.   
Let us calculate the 95\% CI for $x$ according to Miller's method [@EdwardMiller1991]:   
```{r eval = TRUE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
cv_versatile(
    x, 
    na.rm = TRUE, 
    digits = 3, 
    method = "miller", 
    correction = TRUE, 
    alpha = 0.05
)
```
### Vangel Confidence Interval      
Vangel [@Vangel1996] proposed the following CI for 
$cv$; which is a modification on McKay’s CI:
$$
\biggl(cv\left[\biggl(\frac{u_1+1}{v}-1\biggr)(cv)^{2}+\frac{u_1}{v}\right]^{-1/2}
\le CV \le cv
\left[\biggl(\frac{u_2+1}{v}-1\biggr)(cv)^{2}+\frac{u_2}{v}\right]^{-1/2}\biggr)
$$
Let us calculate the 95\% CI for $x$ according to Vangel's method [@Vangel1996]:   
```{r eval = TRUE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
cv_versatile(
    x, 
    na.rm = TRUE, 
    digits = 3, 
    method = "vangel", 
    correction = TRUE, 
    alpha = 0.05
)
```
### Mahmoudvand-Hassani Confidence Interval   
Mahmoudvand and Hassani [@Mahmoudvand2009] proposed the following CI for 
$cv$; which is obtained using ranked set sampling *(RSS)*:    
$$
\biggl(\frac{cv}{2-C_n+Z_{1-\alpha/2}\sqrt{1-C_n^2}}
\le CV \le
\frac{cv}{2-C_n-Z_{1-\alpha/2}\sqrt{1-C_n^2}}
\biggr)
$$
where 
$$
C_n=\sqrt{\frac{2}{n-1}}\frac{\Gamma{(n/2)}}{\Gamma{((n-1)/2)}},
\Gamma(n)=(n-1)!
$$
Let us now calculate the 95\% CI for $x$ according to Mahmoudvand-Hassani's 
method [@Mahmoudvand2009]:   
```{r eval = TRUE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
cv_versatile(
    x, 
    na.rm = TRUE, 
    digits = 3, 
    method = "mahmoudvand_hassani", 
    correction = TRUE, 
    alpha = 0.05
)
```
### Normal Approximation Confidence Interval     
Wararit Panichkitkosolkul [@Panichkitkosolkul2013] proposed the following CI for 
$cv$; which is a *normal approximation*: 
$$
\biggl(\frac{cv}{C_{n+1}+Z_{1-\alpha/2}\sqrt{1-C_{n+1}^2}}
\le CV \le
\frac{cv}{C_{n+1}-Z_{1-\alpha/2}\sqrt{1-C_{n+1}^2}}
\biggr)
$$
where $C_{n+1}=\sqrt{1-(1/2n)}$     
Now we calculate the normal approximation 95\% CI for $x$ according to Panichkitkosolkul [@Panichkitkosolkul2013]:   
```{r eval = TRUE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
cv_versatile(
    x, 
    na.rm = TRUE, 
    digits = 3, 
    method = "normal_approximation", 
    correction = TRUE, 
    alpha = 0.05
)
```
### Shortest-Length Confidence Interval    
Panichkitkosolkul [@Panichkitkosolkul2013] has also introduced the following CI for $cv$:   
$$
\biggl(\frac{cv\sqrt{v}}{\sqrt{b}}
\le CV \le
\frac{cv\sqrt{v}}{\sqrt{a}}
\biggr)
$$
with $v = n-1$ degrees of freedom. Then, shortest-length 95\% CI for $x$ is:    
```{r eval = TRUE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
cv_versatile(
    x, 
    na.rm = TRUE, 
    digits = 3, 
    method = "shortest_length", 
    correction = TRUE, 
    alpha = 0.05
)
```
### Equal-Tailed Confidence Interval     
The $100(1-\alpha)\%$ equal-tailed CI for $cv$ can be obtained as:
$$
\biggl(\frac{cv\sqrt{v}}{\sqrt{\chi_{v,1-\alpha/2}^2}}
\le CV \le
\frac{cv\sqrt{v}}{\sqrt{\chi_{v,\alpha/2}^2}}
\biggr)
$$
where $\chi_{v,\alpha/2}^2$ and $\chi_{v,1-\alpha/2}^2$ are the $100(\alpha/2)$ and $100(1-\alpha/2)$ percentiles of the central $\chi^2$ distribution with $v$ degrees of freedom, respectively [@Panichkitkosolkul2013].   
Then, equal-tailed 95\% CI for $x$ is:    
```{r eval = TRUE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
cv_versatile(
    x, 
    na.rm = TRUE, 
    digits = 3, 
    method = "equal_tailed", 
    correction = TRUE, 
    alpha = 0.05
)
```
### Bootstrap Confidence Intervals      
Thanks to package `boot` [@Canty2017] we can obtain bootstrap CI around $cv$:    
```{r eval = TRUE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
cv_versatile(
    x, 
    na.rm = TRUE, 
    digits = 3, 
    method = "basic", 
    correction = TRUE, 
    alpha = 0.05
)
```
### All Available Methods   
In conclusion, we can observe CIs calculated by all available methods:    
```{r eval = TRUE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
cv_versatile(
    x, 
    na.rm = TRUE, 
    digits = 3, 
    method = "all", 
    correction = FALSE, 
    alpha = 0.05
)
```
# References