| Type: | Package |
| Version: | 5.1.0 |
| Date: | 2026-09-16 |
| Title: | Structure Parameter Inference Approach |
| Maintainer: | Johannes W. Dietrich <johannes.dietrich@ruhr-uni-bochum.de> |
| Description: | SPINA (Structure Parameter Inference Approach) is a methodology to calculate constant structure parameters of endocrine homeostatic systems from steady-state hormone and metabolite concentrations. Methods and equations for thyroid homeostasis (SPINA Thyr) have been described in Dietrich et al. (2012) <doi:10.1155/2012/351864> and Dietrich et al. (2016) <doi:10.3389/fendo.2016.00057>, and for glucose homeostasis (SPINA Carb) in Dietrich et al. (2022) <doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22531-3> and Dietrich et al. (2024) <doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13525>. |
| License: | BSD_3_clause + file LICENSE |
| Encoding: | UTF-8 |
| RoxygenNote: | 8.0.0 |
| URL: | https://spina.sourceforge.net |
| BugReports: | https://sourceforge.net/p/spina/bugs/ |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.5) |
| LazyData: | true |
| Suggests: | knitr, rmarkdown, testthat (≥ 3.0.0) |
| Config/testthat/edition: | 3 |
| VignetteBuilder: | knitr |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Packaged: | 2026-09-16 20:27:09 UTC; johannes |
| Author: | Johannes W. Dietrich
 [aut, cph,
cre],
Eleni Karamitrou
[ctb],
Bernhard O. Boehm
[ctb] |
| Repository: | CRAN |
| Date/Publication: | 2026-09-16 23:50:19 UTC |
SPINA: Structure Parameter Inference Approach
Description
SPINA (Structure Parameter Inference Approach) is a methodology to calculate constant structure parameters of endocrine homeostatic systems from steady-state hormone and metabolite concentrations. Methods and equations for thyroid homeostasis (SPINA Thyr) have been described in Dietrich et al. (2012) doi:10.1155/2012/351864 and Dietrich et al. (2016) doi:10.3389/fendo.2016.00057, and for glucose homeostasis (SPINA Carb) in Dietrich et al. (2022) doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22531-3 and Dietrich et al. (2024) doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13525.
Author(s)
Maintainer: Johannes W. Dietrich johannes.dietrich@ruhr-uni-bochum.de (ORCID) [copyright holder]
Authors:
Johannes W. Dietrich johannes.dietrich@ruhr-uni-bochum.de (ORCID) [copyright holder]
Other contributors:
See Also
Useful links:
Homeostasis model assessment: beta-cell function (HOMA-Beta)
Description
This function calculates the beta-cell function (HOMA-Beta) from steady-state fasting concentrations of insulin and glucose. HOMA-Beta is one of the parameters provided by the homeostasis model assessment.
Usage
HOMA.Beta(Insulin, Glucose)
Arguments
Insulin |
Insulin concentration in pmol/L |
Glucose |
Glucose concentration in mmol/L |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations.
Value
Returns the HOMA-Beta index, a calculated biomarker for beta-cell function
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone or metabolite concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou, Bernhard O. Boehm
Examples
HOMA.Beta(63.01, 4.34)
Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)
Description
This function calculates the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) from steady-state fasting concentrations of insulin and glucose. HOMA-IR is one of the parameters provided by the homeostasis model assessment.
Usage
HOMA.IR(Insulin, Glucose)
Arguments
Insulin |
Insulin concentration in pmol/L |
Glucose |
Glucose concentration in mmol/L |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations.
Value
Returns the HOMA-IR index, a calculated biomarker for insulin resistance.
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone or metabolite concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou, Bernhard O. Boehm
Examples
HOMA.IR(63.01, 4.34)
Homeostasis model assessment: insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS)
Description
This function calculates the insulin sensitivity index (HOMA-IS) from steady-state fasting concentrations of insulin and glucose. HOMA-IS is one of the parameters provided by the homeostasis model assessment.
Usage
HOMA.IS(Insulin, Glucose)
Arguments
Insulin |
Insulin concentration in pmol/L |
Glucose |
Glucose concentration in mmol/L |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations.
Value
Returns the HOMA-IS index, a calculated biomarker for insulin sensitivity
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone or metabolite concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou, Bernhard O. Boehm
Examples
HOMA.IS(63.01, 4.34)
Data for SPINA
Description
Pilo: Data from Pilo et al. (1990)
Format
"Pilo"
A data frame with 14 rows and 33 columns
- Sex
Sex (f: female; m: male)
- Age
Age in years
- Body.Mass
Body mass in kg
- BSA
Body surface area in m^2
- IDV.T4
initial distribution volume of thyroxine in mL
- TT4
Total T4 concentration in µg/dL
- TT4.SI
Total T4 concentration in nmol/L
- TT3
Total T3 concentration in ng/mL
- TT3.SI
Total T3 concentration in nmol/L
- TSH
Thyrotropin concentration in mIU/L
- SR.T4
Thyroidal secretion rate for T4 in µg/day/m^2
- SR.T3
Thyroidal secretion rate for T3 in µg/day/m^2
- CR.F.mean
Rate of conversion from T4 to T3 in fast tissue pools in µg/day/m^2
- CR.S.mean
Rate of conversion from T4 to T3 in slow tissue pools in µg/day/m^2
- CR.T.mean
Rate of total conversion from T4 to T3 in µg/day/m^2
- PAR.T3
Plasma appearance rate for T3 in µg/day/m^2
- PR.T3.mean
Mean production rate for T3 in µg/day/m^2
- PR.T3
Production rate for T3 in µg/day/m^2, calculated with alternative method (DiStefano et al. 1982)
- CR.S
Rate of conversion from T4 to T3 in µg/day/m^2, calculated with alternative method (DiStefano et al. 1982)
- CR.6
Ratio of conversion from T4 to T3 in in %, computed using six-compartment model
- CR.2
Ratio of conversion from T4 to T3 in in %, computed using two-compartment model
- CR.0
Ratio of conversion from T4 to T3 in in %, computed using noncompartmental approach
- QP
Mass of the plasma pool for T3 in in µg/m^2
- QF
Mass of the fast tissue pool for T3 in in µg/m^2
- QS
Mass of the slow tissue pool for T3 in in µg/m^2
- QT
Mass of the total tissue pool for T3 in in µg/m^2
- SPINA_GT
Thyroid's secretory capacity (SPINA-GT) in pmol/s
- SPINA_GD
Sum activity of step-up deiodinases (SPINA-GD) in nmol/s
Source
Pilo A, Iervasi G, Vitek F, Ferdeghini M, Cazzuola F, Bianchi R. Thyroidal and peripheral production of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in humans by multicompartmental analysis. Am J Physiol. 1990 Apr;258(4 Pt 1):E715-26. PMID 2333963.
DiStefano JJ 3rd, Jang M, Malone TK, Broutman M. Comprehensive kinetics of triiodothyronine production, distribution, and metabolism in blood and tissue pools of the rat using optimized blood-sampling protocols. Endocrinology. 1982 Jan;110(1):198-213. doi: 10.1210/endo-110-1-198. PMID: 7053984.
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe-Mende G, Wiora E, Chatzitomaris A, Klein HH, Midgley JE, Hoermann R. Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Jun 9;7:57. doi 10.3389/fendo.2016.00057. PMID 27375554; PMCID PMC4899439.
Quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI)
Description
This function calculates the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) from steady-state fasting concentrations of insulin and glucose.
Usage
QUICKI(Insulin, Glucose)
Arguments
Insulin |
Insulin concentration in pmol/L |
Glucose |
Glucose concentration in mmol/L |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations.
Value
Returns the QUICKI index, a calculated biomarker for insulin sensitivity
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone or metabolite concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou, Bernhard O. Boehm
Examples
QUICKI(63.01, 4.34)
Static disposition index (SPINA-DI)
Description
This function calculates the static disposition index (SPINA-DI) from steady-state fasting concentrations of insulin and glucose. SPINA-DI is an inferred representation of the loop gain of the homeostatic feedback control system. This parameter is an implementation of the structure parameter inference approach (SPINA).
Usage
SPINA.DI(Insulin, Glucose)
Arguments
Insulin |
Insulin concentration in pmol/L |
Glucose |
Glucose concentration in mmol/L |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations.
Value
Returns the static disposition index (SPINA-DI), a representation of the loop gain of glucose homeostasis as a numeric result representing a single value or a vector, depending on the vector length of the arguments.
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone or metabolite concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou, Bernhard O. Boehm
References
Dietrich JW, Dasgupta R, Anoop S, Jebasingh F, Kurian ME, Inbakumari M, Boehm BO, Thomas N. SPINA Carb: a simple mathematical model supporting fast in-vivo estimation of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. Sci Rep. 2022 Oct 21;12(1):17659. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22531-3. PMID: 36271244; PMCID: PMC9587026.
Dietrich JW, Abood A, Dasgupta R, Anoop S, Jebasingh FK, Spurgeon R, Thomas N, Boehm BO. A novel simple disposition index (SPINA-DI) from fasting insulin and glucose concentration as a robust measure of carbohydrate homeostasis. J Diabetes. 2024 Sep;16(9):e13525. doi: 10.1111/1753-0407.13525. Epub 2024 Jan 2. PMID: 38169110; PMCID: PMC11418405.
Examples
SPINA.DI(63.01, 4.34)
Calculated secretory capacity of pancreatic beta cells (SPINA-GBeta)
Description
This function calculates the secretory capacity of pancreatic beta cells (SPINA-GBeta) from steady-state fasting concentrations of insulin and glucose. SPINA-GBeta is an inferred representation of GBeta, the maximum amount of insulin that can be produced by beta-cells under stimulated conditions. This parameter is an implementation of the structure parameter inference approach (SPINA).
Usage
SPINA.GBeta(Insulin, Glucose)
Arguments
Insulin |
Insulin concentration in pmol/L |
Glucose |
Glucose concentration in mmol/L |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations.
Value
Returns the secretory capacity of pancreatic beta cells (SPINA-GBeta) as a numeric result representing a single value or a vector, depending on the vector length of the arguments. Results are in pmol/s.
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone or metabolite concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou, Bernhard O. Boehm
References
Dietrich JW, Dasgupta R, Anoop S, Jebasingh F, Kurian ME, Inbakumari M, Boehm BO, Thomas N. SPINA Carb: a simple mathematical model supporting fast in-vivo estimation of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. Sci Rep. 2022 Oct 21;12(1):17659. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22531-3. PMID: 36271244; PMCID: PMC9587026.
Dietrich JW, Abood A, Dasgupta R, Anoop S, Jebasingh FK, Spurgeon R, Thomas N, Boehm BO. A novel simple disposition index (SPINA-DI) from fasting insulin and glucose concentration as a robust measure of carbohydrate homeostasis. J Diabetes. 2024 Sep;16(9):e13525. doi: 10.1111/1753-0407.13525. Epub 2024 Jan 2. PMID: 38169110; PMCID: PMC11418405.
Examples
SPINA.GBeta(63.01, 4.34)
Calculated step-up deiodinase activity (SPINA-GD)
Description
This function calculates the sum activity of peripheral step-up-deiodinases (SPINA-GD) from steady-state concentrations of free T4 and free T3. SPINA-GD is an inferred representation of GD, the total activity of the type 1 deiodinase under stimulated conditions. This parameter is an implementation of the structure parameter inference approach (SPINA).
Usage
SPINA.GD(FT4, FT3)
Arguments
FT4 |
free T4 concentration in pmol/L |
FT3 |
free T3 concentration in pmol/L |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations.
Value
Returns SPINA-GD, a calculated biomarker for the sum activity of peripheral step-up deiodinases
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou
References
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:351864. doi: 10.1155/2012/351864. Epub 2012 Dec 30. PMID: 23365787; PMCID: PMC3544290.
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe-Mende G, Wiora E, Chatzitomaris A, Klein HH, Midgley JE, Hoermann R. Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Jun 9;7:57. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00057. PMID: 27375554; PMCID: PMC4899439.
Examples
SPINA.GD(16.5, 4.5)
Calculated step-up deiodinase activity, based on total T4 and T3 (SPINA-GDTT)
Description
This function calculates the sum activity of peripheral step-up-deiodinases (SPINA-GD) from steady-state concentrations of total T4 and total T3. SPINA-GD is an inferred representation of GD, the total activity of the type 1 deiodinase under stimulated conditions. This parameter is an implementation of the structure parameter inference approach (SPINA).
Usage
SPINA.GDTT(T4, T3)
Arguments
T4 |
total T4 concentration in nmol/L |
T3 |
tptaö T3 concentration in nmol/L |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations.
Value
Returns SPINA-GD, a calculated biomarker for the sum activity of peripheral step-up deiodinases
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou
References
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:351864. doi: 10.1155/2012/351864. Epub 2012 Dec 30. PMID: 23365787; PMCID: PMC3544290.
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe-Mende G, Wiora E, Chatzitomaris A, Klein HH, Midgley JE, Hoermann R. Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Jun 9;7:57. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00057. PMID: 27375554; PMCID: PMC4899439.
Examples
SPINA.GDTT(90, 2.5)
Calculated insulin receptor gain (SPINA-GR)
Description
This function calculates the insulin receptor gain (SPINA-GR) from steady-state fasting concentrations of insulin and glucose. SPINA-GR is an inferred representation of GR, the maximum insulin signaling under stimulated conditions. This parameter is an implementation of the structure parameter inference approach (SPINA).
Usage
SPINA.GR(Insulin, Glucose)
Arguments
Insulin |
Insulin concentration in pmol/L |
Glucose |
Glucose concentration in mmol/L |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations.
Value
Returns the insulin receptor gain (SPINA-GR), a calculated biomarker of insulin sensitivity as a numeric result representing a single value or a vector, depending on the vector length of the arguments. Results are in mol/s.
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone or metabolite concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou, Bernhard O. Boehm
References
Dietrich JW, Dasgupta R, Anoop S, Jebasingh F, Kurian ME, Inbakumari M, Boehm BO, Thomas N. SPINA Carb: a simple mathematical model supporting fast in-vivo estimation of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. Sci Rep. 2022 Oct 21;12(1):17659. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22531-3. PMID: 36271244; PMCID: PMC9587026.
Dietrich JW, Abood A, Dasgupta R, Anoop S, Jebasingh FK, Spurgeon R, Thomas N, Boehm BO. A novel simple disposition index (SPINA-DI) from fasting insulin and glucose concentration as a robust measure of carbohydrate homeostasis. J Diabetes. 2024 Sep;16(9):e13525. doi: 10.1111/1753-0407.13525. Epub 2024 Jan 2. PMID: 38169110; PMCID: PMC11418405.
Examples
SPINA.GR(63.01, 4.34)
Calculated thyroid's secretory capacity (SPINA-GT)
Description
This function calculates the secretory capacity of the thyroid gland for T4 (SPINA-GT) from steady-state concentrations of TSH and free T4. SPINA-GT is an inferred representation of GT, the maximum amount of thyroxine that can be produced by the thyroid under stimulated conditions. This parameter is an implementation of the structure parameter inference approach (SPINA).
Usage
SPINA.GT(TSH, FT4)
Arguments
TSH |
thyrotropin concentration in mIU/L |
FT4 |
free T4 concentration in pmol/L |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations.
Value
Returns SPINA-GT, a calculated biomarker for thyroid's secretory capacity (aka thyroid output)
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou
References
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:351864. doi: 10.1155/2012/351864. Epub 2012 Dec 30. PMID: 23365787; PMCID: PMC3544290.
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe-Mende G, Wiora E, Chatzitomaris A, Klein HH, Midgley JE, Hoermann R. Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Jun 9;7:57. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00057. PMID: 27375554; PMCID: PMC4899439.
Examples
SPINA.GT(1.0, 16.5)
Calculated thyroid's secretory capacity, based on total T4 (SPINA-GTT)
Description
This function calculates the secretory capacity of the thyroid gland for T4 (SPINA-GT) from steady-state concentrations of TSH and total T4. SPINA-GTT is an inferred representation of GT, the maximum amount of thyroxine that can be produced by the thyroid under stimulated conditions. This parameter is an implementation of the structure parameter inference approach (SPINA).
Usage
SPINA.GTT(TSH, T4)
Arguments
TSH |
thyrotropin concentration in mIU/L |
T4 |
total T4 concentration in nmol/L |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations.
Value
Returns SPINA-GTT, a calculated biomarker for thyroid's secretory capacity (aka thyroid output)
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou
References
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:351864. doi: 10.1155/2012/351864. Epub 2012 Dec 30. PMID: 23365787; PMCID: PMC3544290.
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe-Mende G, Wiora E, Chatzitomaris A, Klein HH, Midgley JE, Hoermann R. Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Jun 9;7:57. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00057. PMID: 27375554; PMCID: PMC4899439.
Examples
SPINA.GTT(1.0, 90)
Calculated standardised step-up deiodinase activity (SPINA-sGD)
Description
This function calculates the sum activity of peripheral step-up-deiodinases (SPINA-GD) from steady-state concentrations of free T4 and free T3. SPINA-GD is an inferred representation of GD, the total activity of the type 1 deiodinase under stimulated conditions. This parameter is an implementation of the structure parameter inference approach (SPINA). The result is delivered in standardised form (z-transformed).
Usage
SPINA.sGD(FT4, FT3, mean = 30, sd = 5)
Arguments
FT4 |
free T4 concentration in pmol/L |
FT3 |
free T3 concentration in pmol/L |
mean |
mean SPINA-GD (optional, default value 30) |
sd |
standard deviation of SPINA-GD (optional, default value 5) |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations.
Value
Returns standardised SPINA-GD, a calculated biomarker for the sum activity of peripheral step-up deiodinases (z-transformed variant)
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou
References
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:351864. doi: 10.1155/2012/351864. Epub 2012 Dec 30. PMID: 23365787; PMCID: PMC3544290.
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe-Mende G, Wiora E, Chatzitomaris A, Klein HH, Midgley JE, Hoermann R. Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Jun 9;7:57. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00057. PMID: 27375554; PMCID: PMC4899439.
Examples
SPINA.sGD(16.5, 4.5)
Data for SPINA
Description
Vellore: Data from Dietrich et al. (2022 and 2024)
Format
"Vellore"
A data frame with 117 rows and 14 columns
- Age
Age in years
- Height
Body height in cm
- Body.Mass
Body mass in kg
- BMI
Body mass index in kg/m^2
- Fasting.Glucose
Fasting glucose concentration in mg/dL
- Fasting.Insulin
Fasting insulin concentration in mIU/L
- SPINA_GR
Insulin receptor gain (SPINA-GR) in mol/s
- SPINA_GBeta
Secretory capacity of pancreatic beta-cells (SPINA-GBeta) in pmol/s
- SPINA_DI
Static disposition index (SPINA-DI)
- HOMA_Beta
Estimate of beta-cell function based on the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-Beta)
- HOMA_IR
Estimate of insulin resistance based on the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR)
- HOMA_IS
Estimate of insulin sensitivity based on the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IS)
- QUICKI_Score
Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI)
Source
Dietrich JW, Dasgupta R, Anoop S, Jebasingh F, Kurian ME, Inbakumari M, Boehm BO, Thomas N. SPINA Carb: a simple mathematical model supporting fast in-vivo estimation of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. Sci Rep. 2022 Oct 21;12(1):17659. doi 10.1038/s41598-022-22531-3. PMID 36271244; PMCID PMC9587026.
Dietrich JW, Abood A, Dasgupta R, Anoop S, Jebasingh FK, Spurgeon R, Thomas N, Boehm BO. A novel simple disposition index (SPINA-DI) from fasting insulin and glucose concentration as a robust measure of carbohydrate homeostasis. J Diabetes. 2024 Jan 2. doi: 10.1111/1753-0407.13525. PMID: 38169110.
Calculated step-up deiodinase activity (SPINA-GD)
Description
This function calculates the sum activity of peripheral step-up-deiodinases (SPINA-GD) from steady-state concentrations of free T4 and free T3. SPINA-GD is an inferred representation of GD, the total activity of the type 1 deiodinase under stimulated conditions. This parameter is an implementation of the structure parameter inference approach (SPINA).
Usage
estimated.GD(FT4, FT3)
Arguments
FT4 |
free T4 concentration in pmol/L |
FT3 |
free T3 concentration in pmol/L |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations. See SPINA.GD for a an implementation with a more modern nomenclature.
Value
Returns SPINA-GD, a calculated biomarker for the sum activity of peripheral step-up deiodinases
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou
References
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:351864. doi: 10.1155/2012/351864. Epub 2012 Dec 30. PMID: 23365787; PMCID: PMC3544290.
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe-Mende G, Wiora E, Chatzitomaris A, Klein HH, Midgley JE, Hoermann R. Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Jun 9;7:57. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00057. PMID: 27375554; PMCID: PMC4899439.
Examples
estimated.GD(16.5, 4.5)
Calculated step-up deiodinase activity, based on total T4 and T3 (SPINA-GDTT)
Description
This function calculates the sum activity of peripheral step-up-deiodinases (SPINA-GD) from steady-state concentrations of total T4 and total T3. SPINA-GD is an inferred representation of GD, the total activity of the type 1 deiodinase under stimulated conditions. This parameter is an implementation of the structure parameter inference approach (SPINA).
Usage
estimated.GDTT(T4, T3)
Arguments
T4 |
total T4 concentration in nmol/L |
T3 |
total T3 concentration in nmol/L |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations. See SPINA.GDTT for a an implementation with a more modern nomenclature.
Value
Returns SPINA-GD, a calculated biomarker for the sum activity of peripheral step-up deiodinases
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou
References
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:351864. doi: 10.1155/2012/351864. Epub 2012 Dec 30. PMID: 23365787; PMCID: PMC3544290.
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe-Mende G, Wiora E, Chatzitomaris A, Klein HH, Midgley JE, Hoermann R. Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Jun 9;7:57. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00057. PMID: 27375554; PMCID: PMC4899439.
Examples
estimated.GDTT(90, 2.5)
Calculated thyroid's secretory capacity (SPINA-GT)
Description
This function calculates the secretory capacity of the thyroid gland for T4 (SPINA-GT) from steady-state concentrations of TSH and free T4. SPINA-GT is an inferred representation of GT, the maximum amount of thyroxine that can be produced by the thyroid under stimulated conditions. This parameter is an implementation of the structure parameter inference approach (SPINA).
Usage
estimated.GT(TSH, FT4)
Arguments
TSH |
thyrotropin concentration in mIU/L |
FT4 |
free T4 concentration in pmol/L |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations. See SPINA.GT for a an implementation with a more modern nomenclature.
Value
Returns SPINA-GT, a calculated biomarker for thyroid's secretory capacity (aka thyroid output)
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou
References
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:351864. doi: 10.1155/2012/351864. Epub 2012 Dec 30. PMID: 23365787; PMCID: PMC3544290.
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe-Mende G, Wiora E, Chatzitomaris A, Klein HH, Midgley JE, Hoermann R. Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Jun 9;7:57. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00057. PMID: 27375554; PMCID: PMC4899439.
Examples
estimated.GT(1.0, 16.5)
Calculated thyroid's secretory capacity, based on total T4 (SPINA-GTT)
Description
This function calculates the secretory capacity of the thyroid gland for T4 (SPINA-GT) from steady-state concentrations of TSH and total T4. SPINA-GT is an inferred representation of GT, the maximum amount of thyroxine that can be produced by the thyroid under stimulated conditions. This parameter is an implementation of the structure parameter inference approach (SPINA).
Usage
estimated.GTT(TSH, T4)
Arguments
TSH |
thyrotropin concentration in mIU/L |
T4 |
total T4 concentration in nmol/L |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations. See SPINA.GTT for a an implementation with a more modern nomenclature.
Value
Returns SPINA-GTT, a calculated biomarker for thyroid's secretory capacity (aka thyroid output)
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou
References
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:351864. doi: 10.1155/2012/351864. Epub 2012 Dec 30. PMID: 23365787; PMCID: PMC3544290.
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe-Mende G, Wiora E, Chatzitomaris A, Klein HH, Midgley JE, Hoermann R. Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Jun 9;7:57. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00057. PMID: 27375554; PMCID: PMC4899439.
Examples
estimated.GTT(1.0, 90)
Jostel's TSH index (TSHI, JTI)
Description
This function calculates Jostel's TSH index (TSHI, JTI) from steady-state concentrations of TSH and free T4.
Usage
estimated.TSHI(TSH, FT4)
Arguments
TSH |
thyrotropin concentration in mIU/L |
FT4 |
free T4 concentration in pmol/L |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations.
Value
Returns the TSH index, a calculated biomarker for the thyrotropic function of the anterior pituitary gland
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou
References
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:351864. doi: 10.1155/2012/351864. Epub 2012 Dec 30. PMID: 23365787; PMCID: PMC3544290.
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe-Mende G, Wiora E, Chatzitomaris A, Klein HH, Midgley JE, Hoermann R. Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Jun 9;7:57. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00057. PMID: 27375554; PMCID: PMC4899439.
Jostel A, Ryder WD, Shalet SM. The use of thyroid function tests in the diagnosis of hypopituitarism: definition and evaluation of the TSH Index. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009 Oct;71(4):529-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03534.x. Epub 2009 Feb 18. PMID: 19226261.
Examples
estimated.TSHI(1.0, 16.5)
Thyrotroph thyroid hormone sensitivity index (TTSI)
Description
This function calculates the thyrotroph thyroid hormone sensitivity index (TTSI) from steady-state concentrations of TSH and free T4. This parameter is also referred to as Thyrotroph T4 Resistance Index or TT4RI.
Usage
estimated.TTSI(TSH, FT4, lu)
Arguments
TSH |
thyrotropin concentration in mIU/L |
FT4 |
free T4 concentration in pmol/L |
lu |
upper limit of the reference interval of FT4 in pmol/L |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations.
Value
Returns the TTSI, a calculated biomarker for the sensitivity of pituitary thyrotrophic cells to thyroxine
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou
References
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:351864. doi: 10.1155/2012/351864. Epub 2012 Dec 30. PMID: 23365787; PMCID: PMC3544290.
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe-Mende G, Wiora E, Chatzitomaris A, Klein HH, Midgley JE, Hoermann R. Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Jun 9;7:57. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00057. PMID: 27375554; PMCID: PMC4899439.
Pohlenz J, Weiss RE, Macchia PE, Pannain S, Lau IT, Ho H, Refetoff S. Five new families with resistance to thyroid hormone not caused by mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor beta gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Nov;84(11):3919-28. doi: 10.1210/jcem.84.11.6080. PMID: 10566629.
Examples
estimated.TTSI(1.0, 16.5, 18)
Calculated standardised step-up deiodinase activity (SPINA-sGD)
Description
This function calculates the sum activity of peripheral step-up-deiodinases (SPINA-GD) from steady-state concentrations of free T4 and free T3. SPINA-GD is an inferred representation of GD, the total activity of the type 1 deiodinase under stimulated conditions. This parameter is an implementation of the structure parameter inference approach (SPINA). The result is delivered in standardised form (z-transformed).
Usage
estimated.sGD(FT4, FT3, mean = 30, sd = 5)
Arguments
FT4 |
free T4 concentration in pmol/L |
FT3 |
free T3 concentration in pmol/L |
mean |
mean SPINA-GD (optional, default value 30) |
sd |
standard deviation of SPINA-GD (optional, default value 5) |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations. See SPINA.sGD for a an implementation with a more modern nomenclature.
Value
Returns standardised SPINA-GD, a calculated biomarker for the sum activity of peripheral step-up deiodinases (z-transformed variant)
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou
References
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:351864. doi: 10.1155/2012/351864. Epub 2012 Dec 30. PMID: 23365787; PMCID: PMC3544290.
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe-Mende G, Wiora E, Chatzitomaris A, Klein HH, Midgley JE, Hoermann R. Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Jun 9;7:57. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00057. PMID: 27375554; PMCID: PMC4899439.
Examples
estimated.sGD(16.5, 4.5)
Standardised Jostel's TSH index (sTSHI, sJTI)
Description
This function calculates Jostel's TSH index (TSHI, JTI) from steady-state concentrations of TSH and free T4. The result is delivered in standardised form (z-transformed).
Usage
estimated.sTSHI(TSH, FT4, mean = 2.7, sd = 0.676)
Arguments
TSH |
thyrotropin concentration in mIU/L |
FT4 |
free T4 concentration in pmol/L |
mean |
mean TSH index (optional, standard value 2.7) |
sd |
standard deviation of TSH index (optional, standard value 0.676) |
Details
This function is able to do vectorised calculations.
Value
Returns the the standardised TSH index, a calculated biomarker for the thyrotropic function of the anterior pituitary gland (z-transformed variant)
Note
The software functions described in this document are intended for research use only. Hormone concentrations should have been obtained simultaneously in order to avoid bias by transition effects.
Author(s)
Johannes W. Dietrich, Eleni Karamitrou
References
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:351864. doi: 10.1155/2012/351864. Epub 2012 Dec 30. PMID: 23365787; PMCID: PMC3544290.
Dietrich JW, Landgrafe-Mende G, Wiora E, Chatzitomaris A, Klein HH, Midgley JE, Hoermann R. Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Jun 9;7:57. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00057. PMID: 27375554; PMCID: PMC4899439.
Jostel A, Ryder WD, Shalet SM. The use of thyroid function tests in the diagnosis of hypopituitarism: definition and evaluation of the TSH Index. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009 Oct;71(4):529-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03534.x. Epub 2009 Feb 18. PMID: 19226261.
Examples
estimated.sTSHI(1.0, 16.5)