% File src/library/grDevices/man/plotmath.Rd
% Part of the R package, https://www.R-project.org
% Copyright 1995-2022 R Core Team
% Distributed under GPL 2 or later

\name{plotmath}
\alias{plotmath}
\alias{symbol}% also for R symbols aka names in ../../base/man/name.Rd
\alias{plain}
\alias{bold}
\alias{italic}
\alias{bolditalic}
\alias{hat}
\alias{bar}
\alias{dot}
\alias{ring}
\alias{widehat}
\alias{widetilde}
\alias{displaystyle}
\alias{textstyle}
\alias{scriptstyle}
\alias{scriptscriptstyle}
\alias{underline}
\alias{phantom}
\alias{over}
\alias{frac}
\alias{atop}
\alias{integral}
\alias{inf}
\alias{sup}
\alias{group}
\alias{bgroup}


\title{Mathematical Annotation in R}
\description{
  If the \code{text} argument to one of the text-drawing functions
  (\code{\link{text}}, \code{\link{mtext}}, \code{\link{axis}},
  \code{\link{legend}}) in \R is an expression, the argument is
  interpreted as a mathematical expression and the output will be
  formatted according to TeX-like rules.  Expressions can also be used
  for titles, subtitles and x- and y-axis labels (but not for axis
  labels on \code{persp} plots).

  In most cases other language objects (names and calls, including
  formulas) are coerced to expressions and so can also be used.
}

\details{
  A mathematical expression must obey the normal rules of syntax for any
  \R expression, but it is interpreted according to very different rules
  than for normal \R expressions.

  It is possible to produce many different mathematical symbols, generate
  sub- or superscripts, produce fractions, etc.

  The output from \code{demo(plotmath)} includes several tables which
  show the available features.  In these tables, the columns of grey text
  show sample \R expressions, and the columns of black text show the
  resulting output.

  The available features are also described in the tables below:

  \tabular{ll}{
    \bold{Syntax} \tab \bold{Meaning} \cr

    \code{x + y}   \tab x plus y   \cr
    \code{x - y}   \tab x minus y \cr
    \code{x*y}    \tab juxtapose x and y \cr
    \code{x/y}    \tab x \I{forwardslash} y \cr
    \code{x \%+-\% y}   \tab x plus or minus y \cr
    \code{x \%/\% y}   \tab x divided by y \cr
    \code{x \%*\% y}   \tab x times y \cr
    \code{x \%.\% y}   \tab x \I{cdot} y \cr
    \code{x[i]}   \tab x subscript i \cr
    \code{x^2}    \tab x superscript 2 \cr
    \code{paste(x, y, z)} \tab juxtapose x, y, and z \cr
    \code{sqrt(x)}   \tab square root of x \cr
    \code{sqrt(x, y)}   \tab y-th root of x \cr
    \code{x == y}   \tab x equals y \cr
    \code{x != y}   \tab x is not equal to y \cr
    \code{x < y}   \tab x is less than y \cr
    \code{x <= y}   \tab x is less than or equal to y \cr
    \code{x > y}   \tab x is greater than y \cr
    \code{x >= y}   \tab x is greater than or equal to y \cr
    \code{!x} \tab not x \cr
    \code{x \%~~\% y}   \tab x is approximately equal to y \cr
    \code{x \%=~\% y}   \tab x and y are congruent \cr
    \code{x \%==\% y}   \tab x is defined as y \cr
    \code{x \%prop\% y}  \tab x is proportional to y \cr
    \code{x \%~\% y}  \tab x is distributed as y \cr
    \code{plain(x)}   \tab draw x in normal font \cr
    \code{bold(x)}   \tab draw x in bold font \cr
    \code{italic(x)}   \tab draw x in italic font \cr
    \code{bolditalic(x)} \tab draw x in bold italic font \cr
    \code{symbol(x)} \tab draw x in symbol font \cr
    \code{list(x, y, z)} \tab comma-separated list \cr
    \code{...}    \tab ellipsis (height varies) \cr
    \code{cdots}   \tab ellipsis (vertically centred) \cr
    \code{ldots}   \tab ellipsis (at baseline) \cr
    \code{x \%subset\% y} \tab x is a proper subset of y \cr
    \code{x \%subseteq\% y} \tab x is a subset of y \cr
    \code{x \%notsubset\% y} \tab x is not a subset of y \cr
    \code{x \%supset\% y} \tab x is a proper superset of y \cr
    \code{x \%supseteq\% y} \tab x is a superset of y \cr
    \code{x \%in\% y}   \tab x is an element of y \cr
    \code{x \%notin\% y} \tab x is not an element of y \cr
    \code{hat(x)}   \tab x with a circumflex \cr
    \code{tilde(x)}   \tab x with a tilde \cr
    \code{dot(x)} \tab x with a dot \cr
    \code{ring(x)}   \tab x with a ring \cr
    \code{bar(xy)}   \tab \I{xy} with bar \cr
    \code{widehat(xy)}   \tab \I{xy} with a wide circumflex \cr
    \code{widetilde(xy)} \tab \I{xy} with a wide tilde \cr
    \code{x \%<->\% y}   \tab x double-arrow y \cr
    \code{x \%->\% y}   \tab x right-arrow y \cr
    \code{x \%<-\% y}   \tab x left-arrow y \cr
    \code{x \%up\% y}   \tab x up-arrow y \cr
    \code{x \%down\% y}  \tab x down-arrow y \cr
    \code{x \%<=>\% y}   \tab x is equivalent to y \cr
    \code{x \%=>\% y}   \tab x implies y \cr
    \code{x \%<=\% y}   \tab y implies x \cr
    \code{x \%dblup\% y}   \tab x double-up-arrow y \cr
    \code{x \%dbldown\% y} \tab x double-down-arrow y \cr
    \code{alpha} -- \code{omega} \tab Greek symbols \cr
    \code{Alpha} -- \code{Omega} \tab uppercase Greek symbols \cr
    \code{theta1, phi1, sigma1, omega1} \tab cursive Greek symbols\cr
    \code{Upsilon1} \tab capital upsilon with hook\cr
    \code{aleph} \tab first letter of Hebrew alphabet\cr
    \code{infinity}   \tab infinity symbol \cr
    \code{partialdiff} \tab partial differential symbol \cr
    \code{nabla} \tab nabla, gradient symbol\cr
    \code{32*degree}   \tab 32 degrees \cr
    \code{60*minute}   \tab 60 minutes of angle \cr
    \code{30*second}   \tab 30 seconds of angle \cr
    \code{displaystyle(x)} \tab draw x in normal size (extra spacing) \cr
    \code{textstyle(x)}  \tab draw x in normal size \cr
    \code{scriptstyle(x)} \tab draw x in small size \cr
    \code{scriptscriptstyle(x)} \tab draw x in very small size \cr
    \code{underline(x)}   \tab draw x underlined\cr
    \code{x ~~ y}        \tab put extra space between x and y \cr
    \code{x + phantom(0) + y} \tab leave gap for "0", but don't draw it \cr
    \code{x + over(1, phantom(0))} \tab leave vertical gap for "0" (don't draw) \cr
    \code{frac(x, y)}   \tab x over y \cr
    \code{over(x, y)}   \tab x over y \cr
    \code{atop(x, y)}   \tab x over y (no horizontal bar) \cr
    \code{sum(x[i], i==1, n)} \tab sum x[i] for i equals 1 to n \cr
    \code{prod(plain(P)(X==x), x)} \tab product of P(X=x) for all values of x \cr
    \code{integral(f(x)*dx, a, b)} \tab definite integral of f(x) wrt x \cr
    \code{union(A[i], i==1, n)} \tab union of A[i] for i equals 1 to n \cr
    \code{intersect(A[i], i==1, n)} \tab intersection of A[i] \cr
    \code{lim(f(x), x \%->\% 0)} \tab limit of f(x) as x tends to 0 \cr
    \code{min(g(x), x > 0)} \tab minimum of g(x) for x greater than 0 \cr
    \code{inf(S)}        \tab infimum of S \cr
    \code{sup(S)}   \tab supremum of S \cr
    \code{x^y + z}   \tab normal operator precedence \cr
    \code{x^(y + z)}    \tab visible grouping of operands \cr
    \code{x^{y + z}}  \tab invisible grouping of operands \cr
    \code{group("(",list(a, b),"]")} \tab specify left and right delimiters \cr
    \code{bgroup("(",atop(x,y),")")} \tab use scalable delimiters \cr
    \code{group(lceil, x, rceil)} \tab special delimiters \cr
    \code{group(lfloor, x, rfloor)} \tab special delimiters \cr
    \code{group(langle, list(x, y), rangle)} \tab special delimiters \cr
  }

  The supported \sQuote{scalable delimiters} are \code{| ( [ \{}
  and their right-hand versions.
  \code{"."} is equivalent to \code{""}: the corresponding delimiter
  will be omitted. Delimiter \code{||} is supported but has the same
  effect as \code{|}.
  The special delimiters \code{lceil}, \code{lfloor}, \code{langle}
  (and their right-hand versions) are not scalable.

  Note that \code{paste} does not insert spaces when juxtaposing, unlike
  (by default) the \R function of that name.

  The symbol font uses Adobe Symbol encoding so, for example, a lower
  case mu can be obtained either by the special symbol \code{mu} or by
  \code{symbol("m")}.  This provides access to symbols that have no
  special symbol name, for example, the universal, or \I{forall}, symbol is
  \code{symbol("\\042")}.  To see what symbols are available in this way
  use \code{TestChars(font=5)} as given in the examples for
  \code{\link{points}}: some are only available on some devices.

  Note to TeX users: TeX's \samp{\\Upsilon} is \code{Upsilon1}, TeX's
  \samp{\\varepsilon} is close to \code{epsilon}, and there is no
  equivalent of TeX's \samp{\\epsilon}.  TeX's \samp{\\varpi} is close to
  \code{omega1}.  \code{vartheta}, \code{varphi} and \code{varsigma} are
  allowed as synonyms for \code{theta1}, \code{phi1} and \code{sigma1}.

  \code{sigma1} is also known as \code{stigma}, its Unicode name.

  Control characters (e.g., \samp{\\n}) are not interpreted in character
  strings in \I{plotmath}, unlike normal plotting.

  The fonts used are taken from the current font family, and so can be
  set by \code{\link{par}(family=)} in base graphics, and
  \code{\link{gpar}(fontfamily=)} in package \pkg{grid}.

  Note that \code{bold}, \code{italic} and \code{bolditalic} do not
  apply to symbols, and hence not to the Greek \emph{symbols} such as
  \code{mu} which are displayed in the symbol font.  They also do not
  apply to numeric constants.
}
\section{Other symbols}{
  On many OSes and some graphics devices many other symbols are
  available as part of the standard text font, and all of the symbols in
  the Adobe Symbol encoding are in principle available \emph{via}
  changing the font face or (see \sQuote{Details}) \I{plotmath}: see the
  examples section of \code{\link{points}} for a function to display
  them.  (\sQuote{In principle} because some of the glyphs are missing
  from some implementations of the symbol font.)  Unfortunately,
  \code{\link{pdf}} and \code{\link{postscript}} have support for little
  more than European (not Greek) and CJK characters and the Adobe Symbol
  encoding (and in a few fonts, also Cyrillic characters).

  \describe{
    \item{On Unix-alikes:}{
  In a UTF-8 locale any Unicode character can be entered, perhaps as a
  \samp{\\uxxxx} or \samp{\\Uxxxxxxxx} escape sequence, but the issue is
  whether the graphics device is able to display the character.  The
  widest range of characters is likely to be available in the
  \code{\link{X11}} device using \I{cairo}: see its help page for how
  installing additional fonts can help.  This can often be used to
  display Greek \emph{letters} in bold or italic.

  On macOS the \code{\link{quartz}} device and the default system fonts
  have quite large coverage.

  In non-UTF-8 locales there is normally no support for symbols not in
  the languages for which the current encoding was intended.
    }
    \item{On Windows:}{
  Any Unicode character can be entered into a text string \emph{via} a
  \samp{\\uxxxx} escape, or used by number in a call to
  \code{\link{points}}.  The \code{\link{windows}} family of devices can
  display such characters if they are available in the font in use.
  This can often be used to display Greek \emph{letters} in bold or italic.

  A good way to both find out which characters are available in a font
  and to determine the Unicode number is to use the \sQuote{Character
  Map} accessory (usually on the \sQuote{Start} menu under
  \sQuote{Accessories->System Tools}).  You can also copy-and-paste
  characters from the \sQuote{Character Map} window to the \code{Rgui}
  console (but not to \code{Rterm}).
    }
 }
}
\references{
  \bibshow{R:Murrell+Ihaka:2000}

  A list of
  the symbol codes can be found in decimal, octal and hex at
  \url{https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~paul/R/CM/AdobeSym.html}.
}
\seealso{
  \code{demo(plotmath)},
  \code{\link{axis}},
  \code{\link{mtext}},
  \code{\link{text}},
  \code{\link{title}},
  \code{\link{substitute}}
  \code{\link{quote}}, \code{\link{bquote}}
}
\examples{
require(graphics)

x <- seq(-4, 4, length.out = 101)
y <- cbind(sin(x), cos(x))
matplot(x, y, type = "l", xaxt = "n",
        main = expression(paste(plain(sin) * phi, "  and  ",
                                plain(cos) * phi)),
        ylab = expression("sin" * phi, "cos" * phi), # only 1st is taken
        xlab = expression(paste("Phase Angle ", phi)),
        col.main = "blue")
axis(1, at = c(-pi, -pi/2, 0, pi/2, pi),
     labels = expression(-pi, -pi/2, 0, pi/2, pi))


## How to combine "math" and numeric variables :
plot(1:10, type="n", xlab="", ylab="", main = "plot math & numbers")
theta <- 1.23 ; mtext(bquote(hat(theta) == .(theta)), line= .25)
for(i in 2:9)
    text(i, i+1, substitute(list(xi, eta) == group("(",list(x,y),")"),
                            list(x = i, y = i+1)))
## note that both of these use calls rather than expressions.
##
text(1, 10,  "Derivatives:", adj = 0)
text(1, 9.6, expression(
 "             first: {f * minute}(x) " == {f * minute}(x)), adj = 0)
text(1, 9.0, expression(
 "     second: {f * second}(x) "        == {f * second}(x)), adj = 0)


## note the "{ .. }" trick to get "chained" equations:
plot(1:10, 1:10, main = quote(1 <= {1 < 2}))
text(4, 9, expression(hat(beta) == (X^t * X)^{-1} * X^t * y))
text(4, 8.4, "expression(hat(beta) == (X^t * X)^{-1} * X^t * y)",
     cex = .8)
text(4, 7, expression(bar(x) == sum(frac(x[i], n), i==1, n)))
text(4, 6.4, "expression(bar(x) == sum(frac(x[i], n), i==1, n))",
     cex = .8)
text(8, 5, expression(paste(frac(1, sigma*sqrt(2*pi)), " ",
                            plain(e)^{frac(-(x-mu)^2, 2*sigma^2)})),
     cex = 1.2)

## some other useful symbols
plot.new(); plot.window(c(0,4), c(15,1))
text(1, 1, "universal", adj = 0); text(2.5, 1,  "\\\\042")
text(3, 1, expression(symbol("\\042")))
text(1, 2, "existential", adj = 0); text(2.5, 2,  "\\\\044")
text(3, 2, expression(symbol("\\044")))
text(1, 3, "suchthat", adj = 0); text(2.5, 3,  "\\\\047")
text(3, 3, expression(symbol("\\047")))
text(1, 4, "therefore", adj = 0); text(2.5, 4,  "\\\\134")
text(3, 4, expression(symbol("\\134")))
text(1, 5, "perpendicular", adj = 0); text(2.5, 5,  "\\\\136")
text(3, 5, expression(symbol("\\136")))
text(1, 6, "circlemultiply", adj = 0); text(2.5, 6,  "\\\\304")
text(3, 6, expression(symbol("\\304")))
text(1, 7, "circleplus", adj = 0); text(2.5, 7,  "\\\\305")
text(3, 7, expression(symbol("\\305")))
text(1, 8, "emptyset", adj = 0); text(2.5, 8,  "\\\\306")
text(3, 8, expression(symbol("\\306")))
text(1, 9, "angle", adj = 0); text(2.5, 9,  "\\\\320")
text(3, 9, expression(symbol("\\320")))
text(1, 10, "leftangle", adj = 0); text(2.5, 10,  "\\\\341")
text(3, 10, expression(symbol("\\341")))
text(1, 11, "rightangle", adj = 0); text(2.5, 11,  "\\\\361")
text(3, 11, expression(symbol("\\361")))
}
\keyword{aplot}
