#  File src/library/tools/R/install.R
#  Part of the R package, https://www.R-project.org
#
#  Copyright (C) 1995-2026 The R Core Team
#
# NB: also copyright dates in Usages.
#
#  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
#  (at your option) any later version.
#
#  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
#  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
#  GNU General Public License for more details.
#
#  A copy of the GNU General Public License is available at
#  https://www.R-project.org/Licenses/

#### R based engine for  R CMD INSTALL SHLIB Rprof
####

## R developers can use this to debug the function by running it
## directly as tools:::.install_packages(args), where the args should
## be what commandArgs(TRUE) would return, that is a character vector
## of (space-delimited) terms that would be passed to R CMD INSTALL.  E.g.
##
if(FALSE) {
    tools:::.install_packages(c("--preclean", "--no-multiarch",
				"tree"))
    ## or

    status <- tryCatch(
	tools:::.install_packages(c("--no-clean-on-error", "--no-multiarch",
				    "tree"), no.q = TRUE)
      , error = function(e) as.numeric(sub(".* exit status *", "",
					   conditionMessage(e))))
    ## or

    debugonce(tools:::.install_packages)
    tools:::.install_packages(c("-c", "--debug", "--no-clean-on-error", "--no-multiarch",
                                "tree"))
    ## and then (after about 40 x [Enter]) when do_install is defined:
    debug(do_install) ## and 'c'
}



.install_packages <- function(args = NULL, no.q = interactive(), warnOption = 1)
{
    ## calls system() on Windows for
    ## sh (configure.win/cleanup.win) make zip

    ## global variables
    curPkg <- character() # list of packages in current pkg
    lockdir <- ""
    is_first_package <- TRUE
    stars <- "*"
    user.tmpdir <- Sys.getenv("PKG_BUILD_DIR")
    keep.tmpdir <- nzchar(user.tmpdir)

    ## Need these here in case of an early error, e.g. missing etc/Makeconf
    tmpdir <- ""
    clean_on_error <- TRUE

    R_runR_deps_only <- function(cmd, deps_only_env, multiarch = FALSE, ...) {
        deps_only <-
            config_val_to_logical(Sys.getenv("_R_CHECK_INSTALL_DEPENDS_",
                                             "FALSE"))
        env <- if (deps_only) deps_only_env
               else ""
        ## needed for some packages (AnnotationDbi) that install other
        ## packages during their tests (otherwise system profile fails
        ## because it cannot find the tests startup file)
        env <- paste(env, "R_TESTS=")
        opts <- "--no-save --no-restore --no-echo"
        if (deps_only) {
            opts <- paste(opts, "--no-init-file --no-site-file")
            if (!multiarch)
              ## do not use --no-environ with multiarch, because Renviron
              ## may include architecture-specific settings that may differ
              ## from settings of the host process architecture
              opts <- paste(opts, "--no-environ")
        }
        R_runR(cmd = cmd, Ropts = opts, env = env, ...)
    }

    do_exit <-
	if(no.q)
	    function(status) stop(".install_packages() exit status ", status)
	else
	    function(status) q("no", status = status, runLast = FALSE)

    do_exit_on_error <- function(status = 1L)
    {
        ## If we are not yet processing a package, we will not have
        ## set curPkg
        if(clean_on_error && length(curPkg)) {
            pkgdir <- file.path(lib, curPkg)
            if (nzchar(pkgdir) && dir.exists(pkgdir) &&
                is_subdir(pkgdir, lib)) {
                starsmsg(stars, "removing ", sQuote(pkgdir))
                unlink(pkgdir, recursive = TRUE)
            }

            if (nzchar(lockdir) &&
                dir.exists(lp <- file.path(lockdir, curPkg)) &&
                is_subdir(lp, lockdir)) {
                starsmsg(stars, "restoring previous ", sQuote(pkgdir))
                if (WINDOWS) {
                    file.copy(lp, dirname(pkgdir), recursive = TRUE,
                              copy.date = TRUE)
                    unlink(lp, recursive = TRUE)
                } else {
                    ## some shells require that they be run in a known dir
                    setwd(startdir)
                    if(system(paste("mv -f", shQuote(lp), shQuote(pkgdir))))
                        message("  restoration failed\n", domain = NA)
                }
            }
        }

        do_cleanup()
        do_exit(status=status)
    }

    do_cleanup <- function()
    {
        if(!keep.tmpdir && nzchar(tmpdir)) do_cleanup_tmpdir()
        if (!is_first_package) {
            ## Only need to do this in case we successfully installed
            ## at least one package
            if (lib == .Library && "html" %in% build_help_types)
                utils::make.packages.html(.Library, docdir = R.home("doc"))
        }
        if (nzchar(lockdir)) unlink(lockdir, recursive = TRUE)
    }

    do_cleanup_tmpdir <- function()
    {
        ## Solaris will not remove any directory in the current path
        setwd(startdir)
        if (!keep.tmpdir && dir.exists(tmpdir)) unlink(tmpdir, recursive=TRUE)
    }

    # This produces a (by default single) quoted string for use in a
    # command sent to another R process.
    quote_path <- function(path, quote = "'") {
        path <- gsub("\\", "\\\\", path, fixed = TRUE)
        path <- gsub(quote, paste0("\\", quote), path, fixed = TRUE)
    	paste0(quote, path, quote)
    }

    # Escape backslashes in a replacement string for gsub etc.
    # To be used when the replacement is a path name which may include
    # backslashes, e.g. with UNC paths on Windows.
    quote_replacement <- function(r)
        paste0(gsub("\\", "\\\\", r, fixed=TRUE))

    on.exit(do_exit_on_error())
    WINDOWS <- .Platform$OS.type == "windows"
    cross <- Sys.getenv("R_CROSS_BUILD")
    have_cross <- nzchar(cross)
    if(have_cross && !cross %in% c("x64","singlearch"))
        stop(gettextf("invalid value for '%s' : %s",
                      "R_CROSS_BUILD", sQuote(cross)),
             domain = NA)
    if (have_cross) {
        WINDOWS <- TRUE
	Sys.setenv(R_OSTYPE = "windows")
    }

    if (WINDOWS) MAKE <- "make"
    else MAKE <- Sys.getenv("MAKE") # FIXME shQuote, default?
    rarch <- Sys.getenv("R_ARCH") # unix only
    if (WINDOWS && nzchar(.Platform$r_arch))
        rarch <- paste0("/", .Platform$r_arch)
    test_archs <- rarch
    if (have_cross) {
        rarch = if (cross == "singlearch") "" else paste0("/", cross)
        test_archs <- c()
    }


    SHLIB_EXT <- if (WINDOWS) ".dll" else {
        ## can we do better?
        mconf <- file.path(R.home(), paste0("etc", rarch), "Makeconf")
        ## PCRE needed for Debian arm* platforms
        sub(".*= ", "", grep("^SHLIB_EXT", readLines(mconf), value = TRUE,
                             perl = TRUE))
    }

    if(getOption("warn") < warnOption) {
        op <- options(warn = warnOption)
        on.exit(options(op), add = TRUE)
    }
    invisible(Sys.setlocale("LC_COLLATE", "C")) # discard output

    if (WINDOWS) {
        rhome <- chartr("\\", "/", R.home())
        ## These might be needed for configure.win and Make{file,vars}.win
        ## Some people have *assumed* that R_HOME uses /
        Sys.setenv(R_HOME = rhome)
        if (nzchar(rarch)) Sys.setenv(R_ARCH = rarch, R_ARCH_BIN = rarch)
    }

    Usage <- function() {
        cat("Usage: R CMD INSTALL [options] pkgs",
            "",
            "Install the add-on packages specified by pkgs.  The elements of pkgs can",
            "be relative or absolute paths to directories with the package",
            "sources, or to gzipped package 'tar' archives.  The library tree",
            "to install to can be specified via '--library'.  By default, packages are",
            "installed in the library tree rooted at the first directory in",
            ".libPaths() for an R session run in the current environment.",
            "",
            "Options:",
            "  -h, --help		print short help message and exit",
            "  -v, --version		print INSTALL version info and exit",
            "  -c, --clean		remove files created during installation",
            "      --preclean	remove files created during a previous run",
	    "  -d, --debug		turn on debugging messages",
            if(WINDOWS) "			and build a debug DLL",
            "  -l, --library=LIB	install packages to library tree LIB",
            "      --no-configure    do not use the package's configure script",
            "      --no-docs		do not install HTML, LaTeX or examples help",
            "      --html		build HTML help",
            "      --no-html		do not build HTML help",
            "      --latex      	install LaTeX help",
            "      --example		install R code for help examples",
            "      --fake		do minimal install for testing purposes",
            "      --no-lock		install on top of any existing installation",
            "			without using a lock directory",
            "      --lock		use a per-library lock directory (default)",
            "      --pkglock		use a per-package lock directory",
            "      			(default for a single package)",
            "      --build    	build binaries of the installed package(s)",
            "      --sign		sign the installed package(s)",
            "      --install-tests	install package-specific tests (if any)",
            "      --no-R, --no-libs, --no-data, --no-help, --no-demo, --no-exec,",
            "      --no-inst",
            "			suppress installation of the specified part of the",
            "			package for testing or other special purposes",
            "      --no-multiarch	build only the main architecture",
            "      --libs-only	only install the libs directory",
            "      --data-compress=	none, gzip (default), bzip2 or xz compression",
            "			to be used for lazy-loading of data",
            "      --resave-data	re-save data files as compactly as possible",
            "      --compact-docs	re-compress PDF files under inst/doc",
            "      --with-keep.source",
            "      --without-keep.source",
            "			use (or not) 'keep.source' for R code",
            "      --with-keep.parse.data",
            "      --without-keep.parse.data",
            "			use (or not) 'keep.parse.data' for R code",
            "      --byte-compile	byte-compile R code",
            "      --no-byte-compile	do not byte-compile R code",
            "      --staged-install	install to a temporary directory and then move",
            "                   	to the target directory (default)",
            "      --no-staged-install	install directly to the target directory",
            "      --no-test-load	skip test of loading installed package",
            "      --no-clean-on-error	do not remove installed package on error",
            "      --merge-multiarch	multi-arch by merging (from a single tarball only)",
            "      --use-vanilla	do not read any Renviron or Rprofile files",
            "      --use-LTO         use Link-Time Optimization",
            "      --no-use-LTO      do not use Link-Time Optimization",
            "      --use-C17         use a C standard at most C17 (also C90, C99)",
            "      --use-C23         use a C standard at least C23",
            "\nfor Unix",
            "      --configure-args=ARGS",
            "			set arguments for the configure scripts (if any)",
            "      --configure-vars=VARS",
            "			set variables for the configure scripts (if any)",
            "      --strip           strip shared object(s)",
            "      --strip-lib       strip static/dynamic libraries under lib/",
            "      --dsym            (macOS only) generate dSYM directory",
            "      --built-timestamp=STAMP",
            "                   set timestamp for Built: entry in DESCRIPTION",
            ## "\nand on Windows only",
            ## "      --force-biarch	attempt to build both architectures",
            ## "			even if there is a non-empty configure.win",
            ## "      --compile-both	compile both architectures on 32-bit Windows",
            "",
            "Which of --html or --no-html is the default depends on the build of R:",
            paste0("for this one it is ",
		   if(static_html) "--html" else "--no-html", "."),
            "",
            "Report bugs at <https://bugs.R-project.org>.", sep = "\n")
    }


    ## Check whether dir is a subdirectory of parent,
    ## to protect against malicious package names like ".." below
    ## Assumes that both directories exist
    is_subdir <- function(dir, parent) {
	rl <- Sys.readlink(dir) ## symbolic link (on POSIX, not Windows) is ok:
	(!is.na(rl) && nzchar(rl)) ||
	    normalizePath(parent) == normalizePath(file.path(dir, ".."))
    }

    fullpath <- function(dir)
    {
        owd <- setwd(dir)
        full <- getwd()
        setwd(owd)
        full
    }

    ## used for LazyData, KeepSource, ByteCompile, Biarch, StagedInstall
    parse_description_field <- function(desc, field, default)
	str_parse_logic(desc[field], default = default,
			otherwise = quote(
			    errmsg("invalid value of ", field, " field in DESCRIPTION")))

    starsmsg <- function(stars, ...)
        message(stars, " ", ..., domain = NA)

    errmsg <- function(...)
    {
        message("ERROR: ", ..., domain = NA)
        do_exit_on_error()
    }

    pkgerrmsg <- function(msg, pkg, ...)
	errmsg(msg, " for package ", sQuote(pkg), ...)

    ## 'pkg' is the absolute path to package sources.
    do_install <- function(pkg)
    {
        if (WINDOWS && endsWith(pkg, ".zip")) {
            pkg_name <- basename(pkg)
            pkg_name <- sub("\\.zip$", "", pkg_name)
            pkg_name <- sub("_[0-9.-]+$", "", pkg_name)
            reuse_lockdir <- lock && !pkglock
            if (pkglock)
                lock <- "pkglock"
            utils:::unpackPkgZip(pkg, pkg_name, lib, libs_only, lock,
                                 reuse_lockdir = reuse_lockdir,
                                 name_from_dir = TRUE)
            return()
        }

        setwd(pkg)
        ## We checked this exists, but not that it is readable
        desc <- tryCatch(read.dcf(fd <- file.path(pkg, "DESCRIPTION")),
                         error = identity)
        if(inherits(desc, "error") || !length(desc))
            stop(gettextf("error reading file '%s'", fd),
                 domain = NA, call. = FALSE)
        desc <- desc[1L,]
        ## Let's see if we have a bundle
        if (!is.na(desc["Bundle"])) {
            stop("this seems to be a bundle -- and they are defunct")
        } else {
            pkg_name <- desc["Package"]
            if (is.na(pkg_name)) errmsg("no 'Package' field in 'DESCRIPTION'")
            curPkg <<- pkg_name
        }

        instdir <- file.path(lib, pkg_name) # = <library>/<pkg>
        Sys.setenv(R_PACKAGE_NAME = pkg_name, R_PACKAGE_DIR = instdir)
        status <- .Rtest_package_depends_R_version()
        if (status) do_exit_on_error()

        dir.create(instdir, recursive = TRUE, showWarnings = FALSE)
        if (!dir.exists(instdir)) {
            # This allows a package to be installed if a broken symbolic
            # link (or a regular file) is place (PR#18262)
            unlink(instdir, recursive = FALSE)
            dir.create(instdir, recursive = TRUE, showWarnings = FALSE)
        }
        if (!dir.exists(instdir)) {
            errmsg("unable to create ", sQuote(instdir))
        }

        if (!is_subdir(instdir, lib)) {
            errmsg(sQuote(pkg_name), " is not a legal package name")
        }

        ## Make sure we do not attempt installing to srcdir.
        owd <- setwd(instdir)
        if (owd == getwd()) pkgerrmsg("cannot install to srcdir", pkg_name)
        setwd(owd)

        ## Figure out whether this is a source or binary package.
        is_source_package <- is.na(desc["Built"])

        if (is_source_package) {
            ## Find out if any C++ or C standard is requested in DESCRIPTION file
            sys_requires <- desc["SystemRequirements"]
            if (!is.na(sys_requires)) {
                sys_requires <- unlist(strsplit(sys_requires, ","))
                found <- NA
                for (i in cxx_standards) {
##                    pattern <- paste0("^[[:space:]]*C[+][+]",i,"[[:space:]]*$")
                    pattern <- paste0("(^| )C[+][+]",i,"([ ,;]|$)")
                    if(any(grepl(pattern, sys_requires))) {
                        Sys.setenv("R_PKG_CXX_STD"=i)
                        on.exit(Sys.unsetenv("R_PKG_CXX_STD"))
                        found <- i
                        break
                    }
                }
                if (is.na(found)) {
                    pattern <- paste0("^[[:space:]]*C[+][+]")
                    val <- grep(pattern, sys_requires, value = TRUE)
                    if(length(val)) {
                        val <- sub(pattern, "",  val)
                        val <- sub("[,;].*$", "", val)
                        val <- sub(" *$", "", val)
                        val <- paste0("C++", val)
                        msg <- sprintf("SystemRequirements: invalid C++ specification %s", sQuote(val))
                        warning(msg, domain = NA, call. = FALSE)
                    }
                }
                else if(found %in% c("11", "14")) {
                    msg <-
                        sprintf("SystemRequirements specified C++%s: support has been removed", found)
                    warning(msg, domain = NA, call. = FALSE)
                }

                if(is.na(use_C)) {
                    if(any(grepl("USE_C17", sys_requires))) use_C <<- 17
                    if(any(grepl("USE_C23", sys_requires))) use_C <<- 23
                    if(any(grepl("USE_C90", sys_requires))) use_C <<- 90
                    if(any(grepl("USE_C99", sys_requires))) use_C <<- 99
                }
            }
        }

        if (!is_first_package) cat("\n")

        if (is_source_package)
            do_install_source(pkg_name, instdir, pkg, desc)
        else
            do_install_binary(pkg_name, instdir, desc)

        ## Add read permission to all, write permission to owner
        ## If group-write permissions were requested, set them
        .Call(C_dirchmod, instdir, group.writable)
        is_first_package <<- FALSE

        if (sign && !zip_up) {
            starsmsg(stars, "SHA256 sums")
            .installSHA256sums(instdir)
            starsmsg(stars, "signing")
            create.signature(file.path(instdir, "SHA256"),
                             file.path(instdir, "SHA256.sig"))
            sig <- verify.signature(file.path(instdir, "SHA256"),
                                    file.path(instdir, "SHA256.sig"))
            if (isTRUE(sig)) {
                info <- attr(sig,"result")
                starsmsg(stars, paste("signed with", info$fingerprint, info$userid))
            }
        }
        if (tar_up) { # Unix only
            if (!sign) { # sign has already done this above
                starsmsg(stars, "SHA256 sums")
                .installSHA256sums(instdir)
            }
            starsmsg(stars, "creating tarball")
            version <- desc["Version"]
            compression <- "gzip"
            compression_level <- 9L
            custom.bin <- .pkg.type(.Platform$pkgType) == "other.binary"
            filename <- if (custom.bin) {
                build <- gsub("^([[:lower:]]+)[.]binary(|[.]([[:alnum:]_-]+))$","\\1\\2", .Platform$pkgType)
                compression <- "xz"
                ## we could adjust compression_level for zstd here - perhaps an env var?
                paste0(pkg_name, "_", version, "_R_", gsub(".", "-", build, fixed=TRUE), ".tar.", compression)
            } else if (!grepl("darwin", R.version$os)) {
                paste0(pkg_name, "_", version, "_R_",
                       Sys.getenv("R_PLATFORM"), ".tar.gz")
            } else {
                paste0(pkg_name, "_", version,".tgz")
            }
            filepath <- file.path(startdir, filename)
            owd <- setwd(lib)
            res <- utils::tar(filepath, curPkg, compression = compression,
                              compression_level = compression_level,
                              tar = Sys.getenv("R_INSTALL_TAR"))
            if (res)
                errmsg(sprintf("packaging into %s failed", sQuote(filename)))
            message("packaged installation of ",
                    sQuote(pkg_name), " as ", sQuote(filename),
                    domain = NA)
            setwd(owd)
        }

        if (zip_up) { # Windows only
            starsmsg(stars, "MD5 sums")
            .installMD5sums(instdir)
            ## we could use utils::zip() here.
            ZIP <- "zip"                # Windows only
            version <- desc["Version"]
            filename <- paste0(pkg_name, "_", version, ".zip")
            filepath <- shQuote(file.path(startdir, filename))
            ## system(paste("rm -f", filepath))
            unlink(filepath)
            owd <- setwd(lib)
            res <- system(paste(shQuote(ZIP), "-r9Xq", filepath,
                                paste(curPkg, collapse = " ")))
            setwd(owd)
            if (res)
                message("running 'zip' failed", domain = NA)
            else
                message("packaged installation of ",
                        sQuote(pkg_name), " as ", filename, domain = NA)
        }
        if (Sys.getenv("_R_INSTALL_NO_DONE_") != "yes") {
            ## message("", domain = NA)  # ensure next starts on a new line, for R CMD check
            starsmsg(stars, "DONE (", pkg_name, ")")
        }

        curPkg <<- character()
    }


    ## Unix only
    do_install_binary <- function(pkg, instdir, desc)
    {
        starsmsg(stars, "installing *binary* package ", sQuote(pkg), " ...")

        if (file.exists(file.path(instdir, "DESCRIPTION"))) {
            if (nzchar(lockdir))
                system(paste("mv -f", shQuote(instdir),
                             shQuote(file.path(lockdir, pkg))))
            dir.create(instdir, recursive = TRUE, showWarnings = FALSE)
        }
        TAR <- Sys.getenv("TAR", 'tar')
        res <- system(paste("cp -R .", shQuote(instdir),
                            "|| (", TAR, "cd - .| (cd", shQuote(instdir), "&&", TAR, "-xf -))"
                            ))
        if (res) errmsg("installing binary package failed")

        sig.ok <- FALSE
        res <- checkSHA256sums(pkg, instdir)
        if(!is.na(res) && res) {
            starsmsg(stars,
                     gettextf("package %s successfully unpacked and %s sums checked",
                              sQuote(pkg), "SHA256"))
            if (isTRUE(file.exists(sig <- file.path(instdir, "SHA256.sig")))) {
                res <- verifySHA256signature(pkg, instdir)
                if(!is.na(res) && res) {
                    sig.ok <- TRUE
                    info <- attr(res, "result")
                    starsmsg(stars,
                             gettextf("package %s signature verified (%s %s)",
                                      sQuote(pkg), info$fingerprint, info$userid))
                }
            }
        } else {
            res <- checkMD5sums(pkg, instdir)
            if(!is.na(res) && res) {
                starsmsg(stars,
		     gettextf("package %s successfully unpacked and %s sums checked",
                              sQuote(pkg), "MD5"))
	    }
	}
        
        if (isTRUE(config_val_to_logical(Sys.getenv("_R_INSTALL_REQUIRE_SIGNED", "FALSE"))) &&
            !sig.ok) errmsg(gettextf("Valid signature is required, but package %s could not be successfully verified.",
                                       sQuote(pkg)))
        
        if (tar_up) {
            starsmsg(stars, sQuote(pkg),
                     " was already a binary package and will not be rebuilt")
            tar_up <- FALSE
        }
    }

    ## to be run from package source directory
    run_clean <- function()
    {
        if (dir.exists("src") && length(dir("src", all.files = TRUE)) > 2L) {
            if (WINDOWS) archs <- c("i386", "x64")
            else {
                wd2 <- setwd(file.path(R.home("bin"), "exec"))
                archs <- Sys.glob("*")
                setwd(wd2)
            }
            if(length(archs))
                for(arch in archs) {
                    ss <- paste0("src-", arch)
                    ## it seems fixing permissions is sometimes needed
                    .Call(C_dirchmod, ss, group.writable)
                    unlink(ss, recursive = TRUE)
                }

            owd <- setwd("src")
            if (WINDOWS) {
                if (file.exists("Makefile.ucrt"))
                    system(paste(MAKE, "-f Makefile.ucrt clean"))
                else if (file.exists("Makefile.win"))
                    system(paste(MAKE, "-f Makefile.win clean"))
                else
                    unlink(c("Makedeps",
                             Sys.glob("*_res.rc"),
                             Sys.glob("*.[do]")))
                    # system("rm -f *_res.rc *.o *.d Makedeps")
            } else {
                if (file.exists("Makefile")) system(paste(MAKE, "clean"))
                else ## we will be using SHLIB --preclean
                    unlink(Sys.glob(paste0("*", SHLIB_EXT)))
            }
            setwd(owd)
        }
        if (WINDOWS) {
            if (file.exists("cleanup.ucrt")) {
                if (system("sh ./cleanup.ucrt"))
                    warning("running 'cleanup.ucrt' failed", call. = FALSE, domain = NA)
            } else if (file.exists("cleanup.win"))
                if (system("sh ./cleanup.win"))
                    warning("running 'cleanup.win' failed", call. = FALSE, domain = NA)
        } else if (file_test("-x", "cleanup")) {
            if (system("./cleanup"))
                warning("running 'cleanup' failed", call. = FALSE, domain = NA)
        } else if (file.exists("cleanup"))
            warning("'cleanup' exists but is not executable -- see the 'R Installation and Administration Manual'", call. = FALSE)
        revert_install_time_patches()
    }

    do_install_source <- function(pkg_name, instdir, pkg_dir, desc)
    {
        Sys.setenv("R_INSTALL_PKG" = pkg_name)
        on.exit(Sys.unsetenv("R_INSTALL_PKG"))
        shlib_install <- function(instdir, arch)
        {
            ## install.libs.R allows customization of the libs installation process
            if (file.exists("install.libs.R")) {
                message("installing via 'install.libs.R' to ", instdir,
                        domain = NA)
                ## the following variables are defined to be available,
                ## and to prevent abuse we don't expose anything else
                local.env <- local({ SHLIB_EXT <- SHLIB_EXT
                                     R_PACKAGE_DIR <- instdir
                                     R_PACKAGE_NAME <- pkg_name
                                     R_PACKAGE_SOURCE <- pkg_dir
                                     R_ARCH <- arch
                                     WINDOWS <- WINDOWS
                                     environment()})
                parent.env(local.env) <- .GlobalEnv
                source("install.libs.R", local = local.env)
                return(TRUE)
            }
            ## otherwise proceed with the default which is to just copy *${SHLIB_EXT}
            files <- Sys.glob(paste0("*", SHLIB_EXT))
            if (length(files)) {
                libarch <- if (nzchar(arch)) paste0("libs", arch) else "libs"
                dest <- file.path(instdir, libarch)
                message('installing to ', dest, domain = NA)
                dir.create(dest, recursive = TRUE, showWarnings = FALSE)
                file.copy(files, dest, overwrite = TRUE)
                if((do_strip || config_val_to_logical(Sys.getenv("_R_SHLIB_STRIP_",
                                                                 "false"))) &&
                   nzchar(strip_cmd <- Sys.getenv("R_STRIP_SHARED_LIB"))) {
                    system(paste(c(strip_cmd,
                                   shQuote(file.path(dest, files))),
                                 collapse = " "))
                }
                ## not clear if this is still necessary, but sh version did so
		if (!WINDOWS)
		    Sys.chmod(file.path(dest, files), dmode)
		## macOS does not keep debugging symbols in binaries
		## anymore so optionally we can create dSYMs. This is
		## important since we will blow away .o files so there
		## is no way to create it later.

		if (dsym && startsWith(R.version$os, "darwin")) {
		    starsmsg(stars, gettextf("generating debug symbols (%s)", "dSYM"))
		    dylib <- Sys.glob(paste0(dest, "/*", SHLIB_EXT))
                    for (d in dylib) system(paste0("dsymutil ", d))
		}

                if(config_val_to_logical(Sys.getenv("_R_SHLIB_BUILD_OBJECTS_SYMBOL_TABLES_",
                                                    "TRUE"))
                   && file_test("-f", "symbols.rds")) {
                    file.copy("symbols.rds", dest)
                }
            }
        }

        ## This is only called for Makevars[.win], so assume it
        ## does create a shlib: not so reliably reported on Windows
        ## Note though that it may not create pkg_name.dll, and
        ## graph does not.
        run_shlib <- function(pkg_name, srcs, instdir, arch, use_LTO = NA)
        {
            args <- c(shargs,
                      if(isTRUE(use_LTO)) "--use-LTO",
                      if(isFALSE(use_LTO)) "--no-use-LTO",
                      if(isTRUE(use_C == "17")) "--use-C17"
                      else if(isTRUE(use_C == "23")) "--use-C23"
                      else if(isTRUE(use_C == "90")) "--use-C90"
                      else if(isTRUE(use_C == "99")) "--use-C99",
                      "-o", paste0(pkg_name, SHLIB_EXT),
                      srcs)
            if (WINDOWS && debug) args <- c(args, "--debug")
            if (debug) message("about to run ",
                               "R CMD SHLIB ", paste(args, collapse = " "),
                               domain = NA)
            if (.shlib_internal(args) == 0L) {
                if(WINDOWS && !file.exists("install.libs.R")
                   && !length(Sys.glob("*.dll"))) {
                    message("no DLL was created")
                    return(TRUE)
                }
                shlib_install(instdir, arch)
                return(FALSE)
            } else return(TRUE)
        }

        ## Patch hardcoded paths in shared objects/dynamic libraries
        ## so that they can be moved to a different directory.
        ## Not used on WINDOWS.
        patch_rpaths <- function()
        {
            slibs <- list.files(instdir, recursive = TRUE, all.files = TRUE,
                                full.names = TRUE)
            slibs <- grep("(\\.sl$)|(\\.so$)|(\\.dylib$)|(\\.dll$)", slibs,
                          value = TRUE)
            if (!length(slibs)) return()

            have_file <- nzchar(Sys.which("file"))
            ## file reports macOS dylibs as 'dynamically linked shared library'
            if (have_file) {
                ## RcppParallel has .so files containing ASCII text
                ## (linker script) which make the tools below produce
                ## a lot of error messages. However, some docker
                ## installations do not have "file" utility.
                ## Solaris' "file" does not use 'shared'.
                ##
                ## On macOS, a single "dylib" file can have a shared object
                ## for multiple architectures, so multiple lines with
                ## "shared"/"dynamically linked"
                are_shared <- vapply(slibs,
                    function(l) any(grepl("(shared|dynamically linked)",
                                    system(paste("file", shQuote(l)), intern = TRUE))),
                    NA)
                slibs <- slibs[are_shared]
                if (!length(slibs)) return()
            }

            starsmsg(stars, "checking absolute paths in shared objects and dynamic libraries")

            uname <- system("uname -a", intern = TRUE)
            os <- sub(" .*", "", uname)
            have_chrpath <- nzchar(Sys.which("chrpath"))
            have_patchelf <- nzchar(Sys.which("patchelf"))
            have_readelf <- nzchar(Sys.which("readelf"))
            have_macos_clt <- identical(os, "Darwin") &&
                              nzchar(Sys.which("otool")) &&
                              nzchar(Sys.which("install_name_tool"))
            have_solaris_elfedit <- identical(os, "SunOS") &&
                                    nzchar(Sys.which("elfedit"))

            hardcoded_paths <- FALSE
            failed_fix <- FALSE

            # paths below are protected from the shell, but special
            # characters/spaces should not be used, because they cannot be
            # reproduced correctly in the outputs from external tools

            if (have_solaris_elfedit) {
                ## Solaris only
                ## changes both rpath and DT_NEEDED paths
                for (l in slibs) {
                    out <- suppressWarnings(
                        system(paste("elfedit -re dyn:value", shQuote(l)), intern = TRUE))
                    out <- grep("^[ \t]*\\[[0-9]+\\]", out, value = TRUE)
                    re <- "^[ \t]*\\[([0-9]+)\\][ \t]+([^ \t]+)[ \t]+([^ \t]+)[ \t]*(.*)"
                    paths <- gsub(re, "\\4", out)
                    idxs <- gsub(re, "\\1", out)
                    old_paths <- paths
                    # "\\$ORIGIN/.."
                    paths <- gsub(instdir, quote_replacement(final_instdir),
                                  paths, fixed = TRUE)
                    changed <- paths != old_paths
                    paths <- paths[changed]
                    old_paths <- old_paths[changed]
                    idxs <- idxs[changed]
                    for (i in seq_along(paths)) {
                        hardcoded_paths <- TRUE
                        qp <- gsub('([" \\])', "\\\\\\1", paths[i])
                        qp <- gsub("'", "\\\\'", qp)
                        cmd <- paste0("elfedit -e \"dyn:value -dynndx -s ",
                                     idxs[i], " ", qp, "\" ", shQuote(l))
                        message(cmd, domain = NA)
                        ret <- suppressWarnings(system(cmd, intern = FALSE))
                        if (ret == 0)
                            message("NOTE: fixed path ", sQuote(old_paths[i]), domain = NA)
                    }
                    out <- suppressWarnings(
                        system(paste("elfedit -re dyn:value", shQuote(l)), intern = TRUE))
                    out <- grep("^[ \t]*\\[", out, value = TRUE)
                    paths <- gsub(re, "\\4", out)
                    if (any(grepl(instdir, paths, fixed = TRUE)))
                        failed_fix <- TRUE
                }
            } else if (have_macos_clt) {
                ## macOS only
                for (l in slibs) {
                    ## change identification name of the library
                    out <- suppressWarnings(
                        system(paste("otool -D", shQuote(l)), intern = TRUE))
                    out <- out[-1L] # first line is l (includes instdir)
                    oldid <- out
                    if (length(oldid) == 1 &&
                        grepl(instdir, oldid, fixed = TRUE)) {

                        hardcoded_paths <- TRUE
                        newid <- gsub(instdir, quote_replacement(final_instdir),
                                      oldid, fixed = TRUE)
                        cmd <- paste("install_name_tool -id", shQuote(newid),
                                     shQuote(l))
                        message(cmd, domain = NA)
                        ret <- suppressWarnings(system(cmd, intern = FALSE))
                        if (ret == 0)
                            ## NOTE: install_name does not signal an error in
                            ## some cases
                            message("NOTE: fixed library identification name ",
                                    sQuote(oldid), domain = NA)
                    }

                    ## change paths to other libraries
                    out <- suppressWarnings(
                        system(paste("otool -L", shQuote(l)), intern = TRUE))
                    paths <- grep("\\(compatibility", out, value = TRUE)
                    paths <- gsub("^[ \t]*(.*) \\(compatibility.*", "\\1",
                                  paths)
                    old_paths <- paths
                    # "@loader_path/.."
                    paths <- gsub(instdir, quote_replacement(final_instdir),
                                  paths, fixed = TRUE)
                    changed <- paths != old_paths
                    paths <- paths[changed]
                    old_paths <- old_paths[changed]
                    for(i in seq_along(paths)) {
                        hardcoded_paths <- TRUE
                        cmd <- paste("install_name_tool -change",
                                     shQuote(old_paths[i]), shQuote(paths[i]),
                                     shQuote(l))
                        message(cmd, domain = NA)
                        ret <- suppressWarnings(system(cmd, intern = FALSE))
                        if (ret == 0)
                            ## NOTE: install_name does not signal an error in
                            ## some cases
                            message("NOTE: fixed library path ",
                                    sQuote(old_paths[i]), domain = NA)
                    }
                    out <- suppressWarnings(
                        system(paste("otool -L", shQuote(l)), intern = TRUE))
                    out <- grep("\\(compatibility", out, value = TRUE)
                    if (any(grepl(instdir, out, fixed = TRUE)))
                        failed_fix <- TRUE

                    ## change rpath entries
                    out <- suppressWarnings(
                        system(paste("otool -l", shQuote(l)), intern = TRUE))
                    out <- grep("(^[ \t]*cmd )|(^[ \t]*path )", out,
                                value = TRUE)
                    rpidx <- grep("cmd LC_RPATH$", out)
                    if (length(rpidx)) {
                        paths <- gsub("^[ \t]*path ", "", out[rpidx+1])
                        paths <- gsub("(.*) \\(offset .*", "\\1", paths)
                        old_paths <- paths
                        # "@loader_path/.."
                        paths <- gsub(instdir, quote_replacement(final_instdir),
                                      paths, fixed = TRUE)
                        changed <- paths != old_paths
                        paths <- paths[changed]
                        old_paths <- old_paths[changed]
                        for(i in seq_along(paths)) {
                            hardcoded_paths <- TRUE
                            cmd <- paste("install_name_tool -rpath",
                                         shQuote(old_paths[i]),
                                         shQuote(paths[i]),
                                         shQuote(l))
                            message(cmd, domain = NA)
                            ret <- suppressWarnings(system(cmd))
                            if (ret == 0)
                                message("NOTE: fixed rpath ",
                                        sQuote(old_paths[i]), domain = NA)
                        }
                    }

                    ## check no hard-coded paths are left
                    out <- suppressWarnings(
                        system(paste("otool -l", shQuote(l)), intern = TRUE))
                    out <- out[-1L] # first line is l (includes instdir)
                    if (any(grepl(instdir, out, fixed = TRUE)))
                        failed_fix <- TRUE
                }
            } else if (have_patchelf) {
                ## probably Linux
                for(l in slibs) {
                    # fix rpath
                    rpath <- suppressWarnings(
                        system(paste("patchelf --print-rpath", shQuote(l)),
                               intern = TRUE))
                    old_rpath <- rpath
                    # "\\$ORIGIN/.."
                    rpath <- gsub(instdir, quote_replacement(final_instdir),
                                  rpath, fixed = TRUE)
                    if (length(rpath) && nzchar(rpath) && old_rpath != rpath) {
                        hardcoded_paths <- TRUE
                        cmd <- paste("patchelf", "--set-rpath",
                                         shQuote(rpath), shQuote(l))
                        message(cmd, domain = NA)
                        ret <- suppressWarnings(system(cmd))
                        if (ret == 0)
                            message("NOTE: fixed rpath ", sQuote(old_rpath), domain = NA)
                        rpath <- suppressWarnings(
                            system(paste("patchelf --print-rpath",
                                         shQuote(l)), intern = TRUE))
                        if (any(grepl(instdir, rpath, fixed = TRUE)))
                            failed_fix <- TRUE
                    }
                    # fix DT_NEEDED
                    if (have_readelf) {
                        out <- suppressWarnings(
                            system(paste("readelf -d", shQuote(l)), intern = TRUE))
                        re0 <- "0x.*\\(NEEDED\\).*Shared library:"
                        out <- grep(re0, out, value = TRUE)
                        re <- "^[ \t]*0x[0-9]+[ \t]+\\(NEEDED\\)[ \t]+Shared library:[ \t]*\\[(.*)\\]"
                        paths <- gsub(re, "\\1", out)
                        old_paths <- paths
                        # "\\$ORIGIN/.."
                        paths <- gsub(instdir, quote_replacement(final_instdir),
                                      paths, fixed = TRUE)
                        changed <- paths != old_paths
                        paths <- paths[changed]
                        old_paths <- old_paths[changed]
                        for(i in seq_along(paths)) {
                            cmd <- paste("patchelf --replace-needed",
                                         shQuote(old_paths[i]),
                                         shQuote(paths[i]),
                                         shQuote(l))
                            message(cmd, domain = NA)
                            ret <- suppressWarnings(system(cmd))
                            if (ret == 0)
                                message("NOTE: fixed library path ",
                                        sQuote(old_paths[i]), domain = NA)
                        }
                        out <- suppressWarnings(
                            system(paste("readelf -d", shQuote(l)), intern = TRUE))
                        out <- grep(re0, out, value = TRUE)
                        if (any(grepl(instdir, out, fixed = TRUE)))
                            failed_fix <- TRUE
                    }
                }
            } else if (have_chrpath) {
                ## Linux (possibly Solaris, but there elfedit should be
                ## available, instead); only fixes rpaths, not DT_NEEDED
                for(l in slibs) {
                    out <- suppressWarnings(
                        system(paste("chrpath", shQuote(l)), intern = TRUE))

                    # when multiple rpaths are present, there is a single
                    # RUNPATH= line with the paths separated by :
                    rpath <- grep(".*PATH=", out, value=TRUE)
                    rpath <- gsub(".*PATH=", "", rpath)
                    old_rpath <- rpath
                    # "\\$ORIGIN/.."
                    rpath <- gsub(instdir, quote_replacement(final_instdir),
                                  rpath, fixed = TRUE)
                    if (length(rpath) && nzchar(rpath) && old_rpath != rpath) {
                        hardcoded_paths <- TRUE
                        cmd <- paste("chrpath", "-r", shQuote(rpath),
                                     shQuote(l))
                        message(cmd, domain = NA)
                        ret <- suppressWarnings(system(cmd))
                        if (ret == 0)
                            message("NOTE: fixed rpath ", sQuote(old_rpath), domain = NA)
                        out <- suppressWarnings(
                            system(paste("chrpath", shQuote(l)), intern = TRUE))
                        rpath <- grep(".*PATH=", out, value = TRUE)
                        rpath <- gsub(".*PATH=", "", rpath)
                        if (any(grepl(instdir, rpath, fixed = TRUE)))
                            failed_fix <- TRUE
                    }
                }
            }
            if (hardcoded_paths)
                message("WARNING: shared objects/dynamic libraries with hard-coded temporary installation paths")
            if (failed_fix)
                errmsg("some hard-coded temporary paths could not be fixed")

            if (have_readelf) {
                ## check again, needed mostly on Linux (chrpath may not be
                ## available or there may be DT_NEEDED entries with absolute
                ## paths); ldd is not suitable because it interprets $ORIGIN
                for(l in slibs) {
                    out <- suppressWarnings(
                        system(paste("readelf -d", shQuote(l)), intern = TRUE))
                    out <- grep("^[ \t]*0x", out, value = TRUE)
                    if (any(grepl(instdir, out, fixed = TRUE))) {
                        ## give path relative to installation dir
                        ll <- sub(file.path(instdir, ""), "", l, fixed = TRUE)
                        errmsg("absolute paths in ",
                               sQuote(ll),
                               " include the temporary installation directory:",
                               " please report to the package maintainer",
                               " and use ", sQuote("--no-staged-install"))
                    }
                }
            }
        } # patch_rpaths()

        ## Make the destination directories available to the developer's
        ## installation scripts (e.g. configure)
        Sys.setenv(R_LIBRARY_DIR = lib)

        if (nzchar(lib0)) {
            ## FIXME: is this needed?
            ## set R_LIBS to include the current installation directory
            rlibs <- Sys.getenv("R_LIBS")
            rlibs <- if (nzchar(rlibs)) paste(lib, rlibs, sep = .Platform$path.sep) else lib
            Sys.setenv(R_LIBS = rlibs)
            ## This is needed
            .libPaths(c(lib, .libPaths()))
        }

        Type <- desc["Type"]
        if (!is.na(Type) && Type == "Frontend") {
            if (WINDOWS) errmsg("'Frontend' packages are Unix-only")
            starsmsg(stars, "installing *Frontend* package ", sQuote(pkg_name), " ...")
            if (preclean) system(paste(MAKE, "clean"))
            if (use_configure) {
                if (file_test("-x", "configure")) {
                    res <- system(paste(paste(configure_vars, collapse = " "),
                                        "./configure",
                                        paste(configure_args, collapse = " ")))
                    if (res) pkgerrmsg("configuration failed", pkg_name)
                } else if (file.exists("configure"))
                    errmsg("'configure' exists but is not executable -- see the 'R Installation and Administration Manual'")
            }
            if (file.exists("Makefile"))
                if (system(MAKE)) pkgerrmsg("make failed", pkg_name)
            if (clean) system(paste(MAKE, "clean"))
            return()
        }

        if (!is.na(Type) && Type == "Translation")
            errmsg("'Translation' packages are defunct")

        OS_type <- desc["OS_type"]
        if (WINDOWS) {
            if ((!is.na(OS_type) && OS_type == "unix") && !fake)
                errmsg(" Unix-only package")
        } else {
            if ((!is.na(OS_type) && OS_type == "windows") && !fake)
                errmsg(" Windows-only package")
        }

	if(group.writable) { ## group-write modes if requested:
	    fmode <- "664"
	    dmode <- "775"
	} else {
	    fmode <- "644"
	    dmode <- "755"
	}

        ## At this point we check that we have the dependencies we need.
        ## We cannot use installed.packages() as other installs might be
        ## going on in parallel

        pkgInfo <- .split_description(.read_description("DESCRIPTION"))
        R_install_force_depends_imports <- config_val_to_logical(Sys.getenv(
                "_R_INSTALL_LIBS_ONLY_FORCE_DEPENDS_IMPORTS_", "TRUE"))
        if (libs_only && isFALSE(R_install_force_depends_imports))
            pkgs <- unique(c(names(names(pkgInfo$LinkingTo))))
        else
            pkgs <- unique(c(names(pkgInfo$Depends), names(pkgInfo$Imports),
                             names(pkgInfo$LinkingTo)))
        if (length(pkgs)) {
            miss <- character()
            for (pkg in pkgs) {
                if(!length(find.package(pkg, quiet = TRUE)))
                    miss <- c(miss, pkg)
            }
            if (length(miss) > 1)
                 pkgerrmsg(sprintf("dependencies %s are not available",
                                   paste(sQuote(miss), collapse = ", ")),
                           pkg_name,
			   sprintf("\nPerhaps try a variation of:\ninstall.packages(c(%s))",
				   paste(sQuote(miss, FALSE), collapse = ", ")))
            else if (length(miss))
                pkgerrmsg(sprintf("dependency %s is not available",
                                  sQuote(miss)),
                          pkg_name,
                          sprintf("\nPerhaps try a variation of:\ninstall.packages(%s)",
                                  sQuote(miss, FALSE)))
         }

        starsmsg(stars, "installing *source* package ",
                 sQuote(pkg_name), " ...")

        stars <- "**"

        starsmsg(stars,
                 sprintf("this is package %s version %s",
                         sQuote(desc["Package"]),
                         sQuote(desc["Version"])))

        res <- checkSHA256sums(pkg_name, getwd())
        if(!is.na(res) && res) {
            starsmsg(stars,
                     gettextf("package %s successfully unpacked and %s sums checked",
                              sQuote(pkg_name), "SHA256"))
            if (isTRUE(file.exists("SHA256.sig"))) {
                res <- verifySHA256signature(pkg_name, getwd())
                if(!is.na(res) && res) {
                    info <- attr(res, "result")
                    starsmsg(stars,
                             gettextf("package %s signature verified (%s %s)",
                                      sQuote(pkg_name), info$fingerprint, info$userid))
                }
            }
        } else {
            res <- checkMD5sums(pkg_name, getwd())
            if(!is.na(res) && res) {
                starsmsg(stars,
                     gettextf("package %s successfully unpacked and %s sums checked",
                              sQuote(pkg_name), "MD5"))
            }
        }

        if (file.exists(file.path(instdir, "DESCRIPTION"))) {
            ## Back up a previous version
            if (nzchar(lockdir)) {
                if (debug) starsmsg(stars, "backing up earlier installation")
                if(WINDOWS) {
                    file.copy(instdir, lockdir, recursive = TRUE,
                              copy.date = TRUE)
                    if (more_than_libs) unlink(instdir, recursive = TRUE)
                } else if (more_than_libs)
                    system(paste("mv -f ", shQuote(instdir),
                                 shQuote(file.path(lockdir, pkg_name))))
                else
                    file.copy(instdir, lockdir, recursive = TRUE,
                              copy.date = TRUE)
            } else if (more_than_libs) unlink(instdir, recursive = TRUE)
            if (more_than_libs && dir.exists(instdir))
                # On Windows, a DLL cannot be unlinked if in use
                errmsg("cannot remove earlier installation, is it in use?")
            dir.create(instdir, recursive = TRUE, showWarnings = FALSE)
        }

        pkg_staged_install <- SI <-
            parse_description_field(desc, "StagedInstall", default = NA)
        if (is.na(pkg_staged_install)) pkg_staged_install <- staged_install
        if (have_cross) pkg_staged_install <- FALSE
        if (pkg_staged_install && libs_only) {
            pkg_staged_install <- FALSE
            message("not using staged install with --libs-only")
        }
        if (pkg_staged_install && !lock) {
            pkg_staged_install <- FALSE
            message("staged installation is only possible with locking")
        }

        if (pkg_staged_install) {
            starsmsg(stars, "using staged installation")
            final_instdir <- instdir
            final_lib <- lib
            final_rpackagedir <- Sys.getenv("R_PACKAGE_DIR")
            final_rlibs <- Sys.getenv("R_LIBS")
            final_libpaths <- .libPaths()

            instdir <- file.path(lockdir, "00new", pkg_name)
            Sys.setenv(R_PACKAGE_DIR = instdir)
            dir.create(instdir, recursive = TRUE, showWarnings = FALSE)
            lib <- file.path(lockdir, "00new")

            rlibs <- if (nzchar(final_rlibs))
                         paste(lib, final_rlibs, sep = .Platform$path.sep)
                     else
                         lib
            Sys.setenv(R_LIBS = rlibs)
            .libPaths(c(lib, final_libpaths))
        } else {
            if(isFALSE(SI))
                starsmsg(stars,
                         "using non-staged installation via StagedInstall field")
            else if (Sys.getenv("_R_INSTALL_SUPPRESS_NO_STAGED_MESSAGE_") != "yes")
                starsmsg(stars, "using non-staged installation")
        }

        if (preclean) run_clean()

        if (WINDOWS) {
            # Installation-time patching was enabled as a temporary measure
            # during the transition from MSVCRT to UCRT, when packages with
            # many reverse dependencies had to be updated to link.

            # URL or a local directory with patches: ("no" to no patching)
            it_patches_base <- Sys.getenv("_R_INSTALL_TIME_PATCHES_", "no")

            # The patches are identified by package name. An index is used
            # to map the name to a directory with patches for a given
            # package. There may be multiple patches for a single package,
            # but that hasn't been used. The patches applied to a package
            # are copied into directory install_time_patches inside the
            # package installation (so in library, but also in binary
            # package build) for reference.

            # The patches are automatically reverted on cleanup, see
            # revert_install_time_patches, also during R CMD build (see
            # build.R). The latter is needed to ensure that unpatched source
            # package tarball is produced when the package native code is
            # compiled during R CMD build, e.g. to build vignettes.

            # This feature is experimental, it may be completely removed in
            # the future.

	    if (!it_patches_base %in% c("no", "disabled", "false", "FALSE")) {

                patches_idx <- tryCatch({
                        idxfile <- file(paste0(it_patches_base, "/",
                                               "patches_idx.rds"))
                        patches_idx <- readRDS(idxfile)
                        close(idxfile)
                        patches_idx
                    },
                    error = function(e) NULL)

                if (is.null(patches_idx))
                    message("WARNING: installation-time patches will not be applied, could not get the patches index", domain = NA)
                else {
                    patches_msg <- FALSE
                    for(p in patches_idx[[pkg_name]]) {
                        if (!patches_msg) {
                            patches_msg <- TRUE
                            starsmsg(stars, "applying installation-time patches")
                        }
                        purl <- paste0(it_patches_base, "/", p)
                        have_patch <- nzchar(Sys.which("patch"))
                        if (!have_patch)
                            stop("patch utility is needed for installation-time patching")
                        dir.create("install_time_patches", recursive=TRUE)
                        fname <- paste0("install_time_patches/", basename(p))
                        if (grepl("^http", purl))
                            utils::download.file(purl, destfile = fname, mode = "wb")
    		        else
                            file.copy(purl, fname)

                        if (system2("patch", args = c("--dry-run", "-p2", "--binary", "--force"),
                                    stdin = fname, stdout = NULL, stderr = NULL) != 0) {
                            ## the patch cannot be applied, check if it might
                            ## be reversed
                            if (system2("patch", args = c("--dry-run", "-R", "-p2", "--binary",
                                                          "--force"), stdin = fname) == 0)
                                message("NOTE: Skipping installation-time patch ", purl,
                                        " which seems to be already applied.\n", domain = NA)
                            else
                                message("WARNING: failed to apply patch ", purl, "\n", domain = NA)
                        } else {
                            if (system2("patch", args = c("-p2", "--binary", "--force"),
                                        stdin = fname) != 0)
                                ## should not happen as dry-run succeeded
                                message("WARNING: failed to apply patch ", p, "\n", domain = NA)
                            else
                                message("Applied installation-time patch ", purl,
                                        " and saved it as ", fname,
                                        " in package installation\n", domain = NA)
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
	}

        if (use_configure) {
            if (WINDOWS) {
                if (file.exists(f <- "./configure.ucrt") ||
                    file.exists(f <- "./configure.win")) {
                    ## an approach with less quoting hell
                    ev <- c("CC", "CFLAGS", "CXX", "CXXFLAGS", "CPPFLAGS",
                            "LDFLAGS", "FC", "FCFLAGS")
                    ## skip any which are already set.
                    ev <- ev[!nzchar(Sys.getenv(ev))]
                    ev1 <- ev
                    if (!is.na(use_C))
                        ev1 <- c(sprintf(c("CC%s", "C%sFLAGS"), use_C),
                                 ev[!(ev %in% c("CC", "CFLAGS"))])
                    ev2 <- lapply(ev1, function(x)
                        system2(file.path(R.home("bin"), "Rcmd.exe"),
                                c("config", x), stdout = TRUE))
                    names(ev2) <- ev1
                    do.call(Sys.setenv, ev2)
                    res <- system(paste("sh", f))
                    ## as we skipped those already set, unsetting is safe.
                    Sys.unsetenv(ev2)
                    if (res) pkgerrmsg("configuration failed", pkg_name)
                } else if (file.exists("configure"))
                    message("\n",
                            "   **********************************************\n",
                            "   WARNING: this package has a configure script\n",
                            "         It probably needs manual configuration\n",
                            "   **********************************************\n\n", domain = NA)
            } else {
                ## FIXME: should these be quoted?
                if (file_test("-x", "configure")) {
                    cmd <- paste(paste(configure_vars, collapse = " "),
                                 "./configure",
                                 paste(configure_args, collapse = " "))
                    if (debug) message("configure command: ", sQuote(cmd),
                                       domain = NA)
                    ## in case the configure script calls SHLIB (some do)
                    cmd <- paste("_R_SHLIB_BUILD_OBJECTS_SYMBOL_TABLES_=false",
                                 cmd)
                    ev <- c("CC", "CFLAGS", "CXX", "CXXFLAGS", "CPPFLAGS",
                            "LDFLAGS", "FC", "FCFLAGS")
                    ## skip any which are already set.
                    ev <- ev[!nzchar(Sys.getenv(ev))]
                    ev1 <- ev
                    if (!is.na(use_C))
                        ev1 <- c(sprintf(c("CC%s", "C%sFLAGS"), use_C),
                                 ev[-(1:2)])
                    ev2 <- vapply(ev1,
                                  function(x)
                                      system2(file.path(R.home("bin"), "R"),
                                              c("CMD", "config", x),
                                              stdout = TRUE),
                                  "")
                    ev3 <- paste0(ev, "=", shQuote(ev2))
                    ## skip any which are empty, possible for CXX)
                    ev3 <- ev3[nzchar(ev2)]
                    cmd <- paste(c(ev3, cmd), collapse = " ")
                    res <- system(cmd)
                    if (res) pkgerrmsg("configuration failed", pkg_name)
                }  else if (file.exists("configure"))
                    errmsg("'configure' exists but is not executable -- see the 'R Installation and Administration Manual'")
            }
        }


        if (more_than_libs) {
            for (f in c("NAMESPACE", "LICENSE", "LICENCE",
                        "NEWS", "NEWS.md", "README.md"))
                if (file.exists(f)) {
                    file.copy(f, instdir, TRUE)
		    Sys.chmod(file.path(instdir, f), fmode)
                }

            res <- try(.install_package_description('.', instdir, built_stamp))
            if (inherits(res, "try-error"))
                pkgerrmsg("installing package DESCRIPTION failed", pkg_name)
            if (!file.exists(namespace <- file.path(instdir, "NAMESPACE")) ) {
                if(dir.exists("R"))
                    errmsg("a 'NAMESPACE' file is required")
                else writeLines("## package without R code", namespace)
            }
        }

        if (install_libs && dir.exists("src") &&
            length(dir("src", all.files = TRUE)) > 2L) {
            starsmsg(stars, "libs")
            if (!file.exists(file.path(R.home("include"), "R.h")))
                ## maybe even an error?  But installing Fortran-based packages should work
                warning("R include directory is empty -- perhaps need to install R-devel.rpm or similar", call. = FALSE)
            has_error <- FALSE
            linkTo <- pkgInfo$LinkingTo
            if (!is.null(linkTo)) {
                lpkgs <- sapply(linkTo, function(x) x[[1L]])
                ## we checked that these were all available earlier,
                ## but be cautious in case this changed.
                paths <- find.package(lpkgs, quiet = TRUE)
                bpaths <- basename(paths)
                if (length(paths)) {
                    ## check any version requirements
                    have_vers <-
                        (lengths(linkTo) > 1L) & lpkgs %in% bpaths
                    for (z in linkTo[have_vers]) {
                        p <- z[[1L]]
                        path <- paths[bpaths %in% p]
                        current <- readRDS(file.path(path, "Meta", "package.rds"))$DESCRIPTION["Version"]
                        target <- as.numeric_version(z$version)
                        if (!do.call(z$op, list(as.numeric_version(current), target)))
                            stop(gettextf("package %s %s was found, but %s %s is required by %s",
                                          sQuote(p), current, z$op,
                                          target, sQuote(pkgname)),
                                 call. = FALSE, domain = NA)
                    }
                    clink_cppflags <- paste(paste0("-I'", paths, "/include'"),
                                            collapse = " ")
                    Sys.setenv(CLINK_CPPFLAGS = clink_cppflags)
                }
            } else clink_cppflags <- ""
            libdir <- file.path(instdir, paste0("libs", rarch))
            dir.create(libdir, showWarnings = FALSE)
            if (WINDOWS) {
                owd <- setwd("src")
                if (file.exists(f <- "Makefile.ucrt") || file.exists(f <- "Makefile.win")) {

                    system_makefile <-
                        file.path(R.home(), paste0("etc", rarch), "Makeconf")
                    makefiles <- c(system_makefile,
                                   makevars_site(),
                                   f,
                                   makevars_user())

                    message(paste0("  running 'src/", f, "' ..."), domain = NA)
                    p1 <- function(...) paste(..., collapse = " ")
                    makeargs <-
                        if (!is.na(use_C))
                            sprintf(c("CC='$(CC%s)'", "CFLAGS='$(C%sFLAGS)'"), use_C)
                        else character()
                    cmd <- paste("make --no-print-directory",
                                 p1("-f", shQuote(makefiles)),
                                 p1(makeargs))
                    res <- system(cmd)
                    if (res == 0L) shlib_install(instdir, rarch)
                    else has_error <- TRUE
                } else { ## no src/Makefile.win
                    srcs <- dir(pattern = "\\.([cfmM]|cc|cpp|f90|f95|mm)$",
                                all.files = TRUE)
                    archs <- if(have_cross) {
                        if (cross == "singlearch") "" else cross
                    ## else if (!force_both && !grepl(" x64 ", utils::win.version()))
                    ##     "i386"
                    } else {
                        ## see what is installed
                        ## NB, not R.home("bin")
                        f  <- dir(file.path(R.home(), "bin"))
                        f[f %in% c("i386", "x64")]
                    }
                    one_only <- !multiarch
                    has_configure_ucrt <- file.exists("../configure.ucrt")
                    if(!one_only && (has_configure_ucrt || file.exists("../configure.win"))) {
                            one_only <- sum(nchar(readLines(
                                if(has_configure_ucrt) "../configure.ucrt" else "../configure.win",
                                warn = FALSE), "bytes")) > 0
                        if(one_only && !force_biarch) {
                            if(parse_description_field(desc, "Biarch", FALSE))
                                force_biarch <- TRUE
                            else if (length(archs) > 1L) {
                                if (has_configure_ucrt)
                                    warning("this package has a non-empty 'configure.ucrt' file,\nso building only the main architecture\n", call. = FALSE, domain = NA)
                                else
                                    warning("this package has a non-empty 'configure.win' file,\nso building only the main architecture\n", call. = FALSE, domain = NA)
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if(force_biarch) one_only <- FALSE
                    if(one_only || length(archs) < 2L)
                        has_error <-
                            run_shlib(pkg_name, srcs, instdir, rarch, use_LTO)
                    else {
                        setwd(owd)
                        test_archs <- archs
                        for(arch in archs) {
                            message("", domain = NA) # a blank line
                            starsmsg("***", "arch - ", arch)
                            ss <- paste0("src-", arch)
                            dir.create(ss, showWarnings = FALSE)
                            file.copy(Sys.glob("src/*"), ss, recursive = TRUE)
                            ## avoid read-only files/dir such as nested .svn
			    .Call(C_dirchmod, ss, group.writable)
                            setwd(ss)

                            ra <- paste0("/", arch)
                            Sys.setenv(R_ARCH = ra, R_ARCH_BIN = ra)
                            has_error <-
                                run_shlib(pkg_name, srcs, instdir, ra, use_LTO)
                            setwd(owd)
                            if (has_error) break
                        }
                    }
                }
                setwd(owd)
            } else { # not WINDOWS
                if (file.exists("src/Makefile")) {
                    if (nzchar(rarch)) {
                        arch <- substr(rarch, 2, 1000)
                        starsmsg(stars, "arch - ", arch)
                    }
                    owd <- setwd("src")
                    system_makefile <-
                        file.path(paste0(R.home("etc"), rarch), "Makeconf")
                    makefiles <- c(system_makefile,
                                   makevars_site(),
                                   "Makefile",
                                   makevars_user())
                    makeargs <-
                        if (!is.na(use_C))
                            sprintf(c("CC='$(CC%s)'", "CFLAGS='$(C%sFLAGS)'"), use_C)
                        else character()
                    p1 <- function(...) paste(..., collapse = " ")
                    cmd <- paste(MAKE,
                                 p1("-f", shQuote(makefiles)),
                                 p1(makeargs))
                    res <- system(cmd)
                    if (res == 0L) shlib_install(instdir, rarch)
                    else has_error <- TRUE
                    setwd(owd)
                } else { ## no src/Makefile
                    owd <- setwd("src")
                    srcs <- dir(pattern = "\\.([cfmM]|cc|cpp|f90|f95|mm)$",
                                all.files = TRUE)
                    ## This allows Makevars to set OBJECTS or its own targets.
                    allfiles <- if (file.exists("Makevars")) c("Makevars", srcs) else srcs
                    wd2 <- setwd(file.path(R.home("bin"), "exec"))
                    archs <- Sys.glob("*")
                    setwd(wd2)
                    if (length(allfiles)) {
                        use_LTO <-
                            if (!is.na(use_LTO)) use_LTO
                            else
                                parse_description_field(desc, "UseLTO", default = NA)
                        ## if there is an executable configure script we install only the main
                        ## sub-architecture
                        if (!multiarch || length(archs) <= 1 ||
                            file_test("-x", "../configure")) {
                            if (nzchar(rarch))
                                starsmsg("***", "arch - ",
                                         substr(rarch, 2, 1000))
                            has_error <- run_shlib(pkg_name, srcs, instdir, rarch, use_LTO)
                        } else {
                            setwd(owd)
                            test_archs <- archs
                            for(arch in archs) {
                                if (arch == "R") {
                                    ## top-level, so one arch without subdirs
                                    has_error <- run_shlib(pkg_name, srcs, instdir, "", use_LTO)
                                } else {
                                    starsmsg("***", "arch - ", arch)
                                    ss <- paste0("src-", arch)
                                    dir.create(ss, showWarnings = FALSE)
                                    file.copy(Sys.glob("src/*"), ss, recursive = TRUE)
                                    setwd(ss)
                                    ra <- paste0("/", arch)
                                    ## FIXME: do this lower down
                                    Sys.setenv(R_ARCH = ra)
                                    has_error <- run_shlib(pkg_name, srcs, instdir, ra, use_LTO)
                                    Sys.setenv(R_ARCH = rarch)
                                    setwd(owd)
                                    if (has_error) break
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    } else warning("no source files found", call. = FALSE)
                }
                setwd(owd)
            }
            if (has_error)
                pkgerrmsg("compilation failed", pkg_name)

            ## if we have subarchs, update DESCRIPTION
            fi <- file.info(Sys.glob(file.path(instdir, "libs", "*")))
            dirs <- basename(row.names(fi[fi$isdir %in% TRUE, ]))
            ## avoid DLLs installed by rogue packages
            if(WINDOWS) dirs <- dirs[dirs %in% c("i386", "x64")]
            if (length(dirs)) {
                descfile <- file.path(instdir, "DESCRIPTION")
                olddesc <- readLines(descfile, warn = FALSE)
                olddesc <- filtergrep("^Archs:", olddesc, useBytes = TRUE)
                newdesc <- c(olddesc,
                             paste("Archs:", paste(dirs, collapse = ", "))
                             )
                writeLines(newdesc, descfile, useBytes = TRUE)
                saveRDS(.split_description(.read_description(descfile)),
                         file.path(instdir, "Meta", "package.rds"))
            }
        } else if (multiarch) {   # end of src dir
            if (WINDOWS) {
                wd2 <- setwd(file.path(R.home(), "bin")) # not R.home("bin")
                archs <- Sys.glob("*")
                setwd(wd2)
                test_archs <- archs[archs %in% c("i386", "x64")]
            } else {
                wd2 <- setwd(file.path(R.home("bin"), "exec"))
                test_archs <- Sys.glob("*")
                setwd(wd2)
            }
        }
        # if (WINDOWS && "x64" %in% test_archs) {
        #     ## we cannot actually test x64 unless this is 64-bit
        #    ## Windows, even if it is installed.
        #     if (!grepl(" x64 ", utils::win.version())) test_archs <- "i386"
        #}

        if (have_cross) Sys.unsetenv("R_ARCH")

        if (WINDOWS && dir.exists("install_time_patches"))
            file.copy("install_time_patches", instdir, recursive = TRUE)

        ## R files must start with a letter
	if (install_R && dir.exists("R") && length(dir("R"))) {
	    starsmsg(stars, "R")
	    dir.create(file.path(instdir, "R"), recursive = TRUE,
		       showWarnings = FALSE)
	    ## This cannot be done in a C locale
	    res <- try(.install_package_code_files(".", instdir))
	    if (inherits(res, "try-error"))
		pkgerrmsg("unable to collate and parse R files", pkg_name)

	    if (file.exists(f <- file.path("R", "sysdata.rda"))) {
                comp <- TRUE
                ## (We set .libPaths)
                if(!is.na(lazycompress <- desc["SysDataCompression"])) {
                    comp <- switch(lazycompress,
                                   "none" = FALSE,
                                   "gzip" = TRUE,
                                   "bzip2" = 2L,
                                   "xz" = 3L,
                                   TRUE)  # default to gzip
                } else if(file.size(f) > 1e6) comp <- 3L # "xz"
		res <- try(sysdata2LazyLoadDB(f, file.path(instdir, "R"),
                                              compress = comp))
		if (inherits(res, "try-error"))
		    pkgerrmsg("unable to build sysdata DB", pkg_name)
	    }
	    if (fake) {
		## Fix up hook functions so they do not attempt to
		## (un)load missing compiled code, initialize ...
		## This does stop them being tested at all.
		if (file.exists("NAMESPACE")) {
		    cat("",
			'.onLoad <- .onAttach <- function(lib, pkg) NULL',
			'.onUnload <- function(libpaths) NULL',
			sep = "\n",
			file = file.path(instdir, "R", pkg_name), append = TRUE)
		    ## <NOTE>
		    ## Tweak fake installation to provide an 'empty'
		    ## useDynLib() for the time being.  Completely
		    ## removing the directive results in checkFF()
		    ## being too aggressive in the case where the
		    ## presence of the directive enables unambiguous
		    ## symbol resolution w/out 'PACKAGE' arguments.
		    ## However, empty directives are not really meant
		    ## to work ...

		    ## encoding issues ... so need useBytes = TRUE
		    ## FIXME: some packages have useDynLib()
		    ## spread over several lines.
		    writeLines(sub("useDynLib.*", 'useDynLib("")',
				   readLines("NAMESPACE", warn = FALSE),
				   perl = TRUE, useBytes = TRUE),
			       file.path(instdir, "NAMESPACE"))
		    ## </NOTE>
		} else {
		    cat("",
                        '.onLoad <- function (libname, pkgname) NULL',
                        '.onAttach <- function (libname, pkgname) NULL',
			'.onDetach <- function(libpath) NULL',
			'.onUnload <- function(libpath) NULL',
			'.Last.lib <- function(libpath) NULL',
			sep = "\n",
			file = file.path(instdir, "R", pkg_name), append = TRUE)
		}
	    }
	}                           # end of R

        ## data files must not be hidden: data() may ignore them
	if (install_data && dir.exists("data") && length(dir("data"))) {
	    starsmsg(stars, "data")
	    files <- Sys.glob(file.path("data", "*")) # ignores dotfiles
	    if (length(files)) {
		is <- file.path(instdir, "data")
		dir.create(is, recursive = TRUE, showWarnings = FALSE)
		file.remove(Sys.glob(file.path(instdir, "data", "*")))
		file.copy(files, is, TRUE)
		thislazy <- parse_description_field(desc, "LazyData",
						    default = lazy_data)
		if (!thislazy && resave_data) {
		    paths <- Sys.glob(c(file.path(is, "*.rda"),
					file.path(is, "*.RData")))
		    if (length(paths)) {
			starsmsg(paste0(stars, "*"), "resaving rda files")
			resaveRdaFiles(paths, compress = "auto")
		    }
		}
		Sys.chmod(Sys.glob(file.path(instdir, "data", "*")), fmode)
		if (thislazy) {
		    starsmsg(paste0(stars, "*"),
                             "moving datasets to lazyload DB")
		    ## 'it is possible that data in a package will
		    ## make use of the code in the package, so ensure
		    ## the package we have just installed is on the
		    ## library path.'
		    ## (We set .libPaths)
                    lazycompress <- desc["LazyDataCompression"]
                    if(!is.na(lazycompress))
                        data_compress <- switch(lazycompress,
                                                "none" = FALSE,
                                                "gzip" = TRUE,
                                                "bzip2" = 2L,
                                                "xz" = 3L,
                                                ## perhaps error?
                                                TRUE)  # default to gzip
		    res <- try(data2LazyLoadDB(pkg_name, lib,
					       compress = data_compress))
		    if (inherits(res, "try-error"))
			pkgerrmsg("lazydata failed", pkg_name)
		}
	    } else warning("empty 'data' directory", call. = FALSE)
        }

        ## demos must start with a letter
	if (install_demo && dir.exists("demo") && length(dir("demo"))) {
	    starsmsg(stars, "demo")
	    dir.create(file.path(instdir, "demo"), recursive = TRUE,
		       showWarnings = FALSE)
	    file.remove(Sys.glob(file.path(instdir, "demo", "*")))
	    res <- try(.install_package_demos(".", instdir))
	    if (inherits(res, "try-error"))
		pkgerrmsg("installing demos failed", pkg_name)
	    Sys.chmod(Sys.glob(file.path(instdir, "demo", "*")), fmode)
	}

        ## dotnames are ignored.
	if (install_exec && dir.exists("exec") && length(dir("exec"))) {
	    starsmsg(stars, "exec")
	    dir.create(file.path(instdir, "exec"), recursive = TRUE,
		       showWarnings = FALSE)
	    file.remove(Sys.glob(file.path(instdir, "exec", "*")))
	    files <- Sys.glob(file.path("exec", "*"))
	    if (length(files)) {
		file.copy(files, file.path(instdir, "exec"), TRUE)
                if (!WINDOWS)
		    Sys.chmod(Sys.glob(file.path(instdir, "exec", "*")), dmode)
	    }
	}

	if (install_inst && dir.exists("inst") &&
            length(dir("inst", all.files = TRUE)) > 2L) {
	    starsmsg(stars, "inst")
            i_dirs <- list.dirs("inst")[-1L] # not inst itself
            i_dirs <- filtergrep(.vc_dir_names_re, i_dirs)
            ## This ignores any restrictive permissions in the source
            ## tree, since the later .Call(C_dirchmod) call will
            ## fix the permissions.

            ## handle .Rinstignore:
            ignore_file <- ".Rinstignore"
            ignore <- if (file.exists(ignore_file)) {
                ignore <- readLines(ignore_file, warn = FALSE)
                ignore[nzchar(ignore)]
            } else character()
            for(e in ignore)
                i_dirs <- filtergrep(e, i_dirs, perl = TRUE, ignore.case = TRUE)
            lapply(gsub("^inst", quote_replacement(instdir), i_dirs),
                   function(p) dir.create(p, FALSE, TRUE)) # be paranoid
            i_files <- list.files("inst", all.files = TRUE,
                                  full.names = TRUE, recursive = TRUE)
            i_files <- filtergrep(.vc_dir_names_re, i_files)
            for(e in ignore)
                i_files <- filtergrep(e, i_files, perl = TRUE, ignore.case = TRUE)
            i_files <- i_files %w/o% c("inst/doc/Rplots.pdf",
                                       "inst/doc/Rplots.ps")
            i_files <- filtergrep("inst/doc/.*[.](log|aux|bbl|blg|dvi)$",
                                  i_files, perl = TRUE, ignore.case = TRUE)
            ## Temporary kludge
            if (!dir.exists("vignettes") && pkgname %notin% c("RCurl"))
                i_files <- filtergrep("inst/doc/.*[.](png|jpg|jpeg|gif|ps|eps)$",
                                      i_files, perl = TRUE, ignore.case = TRUE)
            i_files <- i_files %w/o% "Makefile"
            i2_files <- gsub("^inst", quote_replacement(instdir), i_files)
            file.copy(i_files, i2_files)
            if (!WINDOWS) {
                ## make executable if the source file was (for owner)
                modes <- file.mode(i_files)
                execs <- as.logical(modes & as.octmode("100"))
		Sys.chmod(i2_files[execs], dmode)
            }
            if (compact_docs) {
                pdfs <- dir(file.path(instdir, "doc"), pattern="\\.pdf",
                            recursive = TRUE, full.names = TRUE,
                            all.files = TRUE)
                res <- compactPDF(pdfs, gs_quality = "none")
                ## print selectively
                print(res[res$old > 1e5, ])
            }
	}

        rait <- Sys.getenv("R_ALWAYS_INSTALL_TESTS", "FALSE")
        install_tests <- install_tests || config_val_to_logical(rait)

	if (install_tests && dir.exists("tests") &&
            length(dir("tests", all.files = TRUE)) > 2L) {
	    starsmsg(stars, "tests")
	    file.copy("tests", instdir, recursive = TRUE)
	}

	## LazyLoading/Compiling
	if (install_R && dir.exists("R") && length(dir("R"))) {
            BC <- if (!is.na(byte_compile)) byte_compile
                  else
                      parse_description_field(desc, "ByteCompile", default = TRUE)
            rcps <- Sys.getenv("R_COMPILE_PKGS")
            rcp <- switch(rcps,
                          "TRUE"=, "true"=, "True"=, "yes"=, "Yes"= 1,
                          "FALSE"=,"false"=,"False"=, "no"=, "No" = 0,
                          as.numeric(rcps))
            if (!is.na(rcp))
                BC <- (rcp > 0)
            if (BC) {
                starsmsg(stars,
                         "byte-compile and prepare package for lazy loading")
                ## need to disable JIT
                cmd <- c("Sys.setenv(R_ENABLE_JIT = 0L)",
		    "invisible(compiler::enableJIT(0))",
                    "invisible(compiler::compilePKGS(1L))",
                    "compiler::setCompilerOptions(suppressAll = FALSE)",
                    "compiler::setCompilerOptions(suppressUndefined = TRUE)",
                    "compiler::setCompilerOptions(suppressNoSuperAssignVar = TRUE);")
            } else {
                starsmsg(stars, "preparing package for lazy loading")
                cmd <- ""
            }
            keep.source <-
                parse_description_field(desc, "KeepSource",
                                        default = keep.source)
            ## Some people change current directory in their R profile, but
            ##   at least .getRequiredPackages needs to find the DESCRIPTION
            ##   file
            cmd <- append(cmd, paste0("setwd(", quote_path(getwd()), ")"))
	    ## Something above, e.g. lazydata,  might have loaded the namespace
            cmd <- append(cmd,
                paste0("if (isNamespaceLoaded(\"",pkg_name, "\"))",
                           " unloadNamespace(\"", pkg_name, "\")"))
            cmd <- append(cmd,
                "suppressPackageStartupMessages(.getRequiredPackages(quietly = TRUE))")
            if (pkg_staged_install)
                set.install.dir <- paste0(", set.install.dir = ",
                                          quote_path(final_instdir))
            else
                set.install.dir <- ""
            cmd <- append(cmd,
                paste0("tools:::makeLazyLoading(\"", pkg_name, "\", ",
                                              quote_path(lib), ", ",
                                "keep.source = ", keep.source, ", ",
                        "keep.parse.data = ", keep.parse.data,
                                              set.install.dir, ")"))
            cmd <- paste(cmd, collapse="\n")
            out <- R_runR_deps_only(cmd,
                                    setRlibs(LinkingTo = TRUE, quote = TRUE))
            if(length(out))
                cat(paste(c(out, ""), collapse = "\n"))
            if(length(attr(out, "status")))
		pkgerrmsg("lazy loading failed", pkg_name)
	}

	if (install_help) {
	    starsmsg(stars, "help")
	    if (!dir.exists("man") ||
	       !length(list_files_with_type("man", "docs")))
		cat("No man pages found in package ", sQuote(pkg_name), "\n")
	    encoding <- desc["Encoding"]
	    if (is.na(encoding)) encoding <- "unknown"
	    res <- try(.install_package_Rd_objects(".", instdir, encoding))
	    if (inherits(res, "try-error"))
		pkgerrmsg("installing Rd objects failed", pkg_name)


	    starsmsg(paste0(stars, "*"), "installing help indices")
	    ## always want HTML package index
	    .writePkgIndices(pkg_dir, instdir)
	    if (build_help) {
		## This is used as the default outputEncoding for latex
		outenc <- desc["Encoding"]
		if (is.na(outenc)) outenc <- "UTF-8"
		.convertRdfiles(pkg_dir, instdir,
				types = build_help_types,
				outenc = outenc)
	    }
	    if (dir.exists(figdir <- file.path(pkg_dir, "man", "figures"))) {
		starsmsg(paste0(stars, "*"), "copying figures")
		dir.create(destdir <- file.path(instdir, "help", "figures"))
		file.copy(Sys.glob(c(file.path(figdir, "*.png"),
		                     file.path(figdir, "*.jpg"),
		                     file.path(figdir, "*.jpeg"),
				     file.path(figdir, "*.svg"),
				     file.path(figdir, "*.pdf"))), destdir)
	    }
        }

	## pkg indices: this also tangles the vignettes (if installed)
	if (install_inst || install_demo || install_help) {
	    starsmsg(stars, "building package indices")
            cmd <- c("tools:::.install_package_indices(\".\",",
                     quote_path(instdir), ")")
            cmd <- paste(cmd, collapse="\n")
            out <- R_runR_deps_only(cmd,
                                    setRlibs(LinkingTo = TRUE, quote = TRUE))
            if(length(out))
                cat(paste(c(out, ""), collapse = "\n"))
            if (length(attr(out, "status")))
		errmsg("installing package indices failed")
            if(dir.exists("vignettes")) {
                starsmsg(stars, "installing vignettes")
                enc <- desc["Encoding"]
                if (is.na(enc)) enc <- ""
		if (!fake &&
                    file_test("-f", file.path("build", "vignette.rds")))
		    installer <- .install_package_vignettes3
		else
		## handle pre-3.0.2 tarballs
		## and installation from package sources,
		## including by temp_install_pkg() during R CMD build
		    installer <- .install_package_vignettes2
                res <- try(installer(".", instdir, enc))
	    if (inherits(res, "try-error"))
		errmsg("installing vignettes failed")
            }
	}

	## Install a dump of the parsed NAMESPACE file
        ## For a fake install, use the modified NAMESPACE file we installed
	if (install_R && file.exists("NAMESPACE")) {
	    res <- try(.install_package_namespace_info(if(fake) instdir else ".", instdir))
	    if (inherits(res, "try-error"))
		errmsg("installing namespace metadata failed")
	}

        if (clean) run_clean()

        do_test_load <- function(extra_cmd = NULL) {
            ## Do this in a separate R process, in case it crashes R.

            ## FIXME: maybe the quoting as 'lib' is not quite good enough
            ## On a Unix-alike this calls system(input=)
            ## and that uses a temporary file and redirection.
            cmd <- paste0("tools:::.test_load_package('", pkg_name, "', ", quote_path(lib), ")")
            if (!is.null(extra_cmd))
              cmd <- paste0(cmd, "\n", extra_cmd)
            ## R_LIBS was set already, but Rprofile/Renviron may change it
            tlim <- get_timeout(Sys.getenv("_R_INSTALL_TEST_LOAD_ELAPSED_TIMEOUT_"))
            if (length(test_archs) > 1L) {
                msgs <- character()
                for (arch in test_archs) {
                    starsmsg("***", "arch - ", arch)
                    out <- R_runR_deps_only(cmd,
                        deps_only_env = setRlibs(lib0, self = TRUE, quote = TRUE),
                        arch = arch, timeout = tlim, multiarch = TRUE)
                    if(length(attr(out, "status")))
                        msgs <- c(msgs, arch)
                    if(length(out))
                        cat(paste(c(out, ""), collapse = "\n"))
                }
                if (length(msgs)) {
                    msg <- paste("loading failed for",
                                 paste(sQuote(msgs), collapse = ", "))
                    errmsg(msg) # does not return
                }
            } else {
                out <- R_runR_deps_only(cmd,
                    deps_only_env = setRlibs(lib0, self = TRUE, quote = TRUE),
                    timeout = tlim)
                if(length(out)) {
                    cat(paste(c(out, ""), collapse = "\n"))
                }
                if(length(attr(out, "status")))
                    errmsg("loading failed") # does not return
            }
        }

        if (test_load && !have_cross) {
            if (pkg_staged_install)
	        starsmsg(stars,
                    "testing if installed package can be loaded from temporary location")
            else
	        starsmsg(stars, "testing if installed package can be loaded")
            do_test_load()
        }

        if (pkg_staged_install) {
            if (WINDOWS) {
                unlink(final_instdir, recursive = TRUE) # needed for file.rename
                if (!file.rename(instdir, final_instdir)) {
                    if (dir.exists(instdir) && !dir.exists(final_instdir)) {
                        message("WARNING: moving package to final location failed, copying instead")
                        ret <- file.copy(instdir, dirname(final_instdir),
                                         recursive = TRUE, copy.date = TRUE)
                        if (any(!ret))
                            errmsg("   copying to final location failed")
                        unlink(instdir, recursive = TRUE)
                    } else
                        errmsg("   moving to final location failed")
                }
            } else {
                patch_rpaths()

                unlink(final_instdir, recursive = TRUE)
		  # needed for mv on some file systems, even though
		  # according to POSIX mv should work when the target is an
		  # empty directory
                owd <- setwd(startdir)
                status <- system(paste("mv -f",
                                       shQuote(instdir),
                                       shQuote(dirname(final_instdir))))
                if (status) errmsg("  moving to final location failed")
                setwd(owd)
            }
            instdir <- final_instdir
            lib <- final_lib
            Sys.setenv(R_PACKAGE_DIR = final_rpackagedir)
            Sys.setenv(R_LIBS = final_rlibs)
	    .libPaths(final_libpaths)

            if (test_load) {
                starsmsg(stars,
                    "testing if installed package can be loaded from final location")

                # The test for hard-coded installation path is done together
                # with test loading to save time. The test is intentionally
                # run on a loaded package, to allow for paths to be fixed in
                # .onLoad and loadNamespace().

                serf <- tempfile()
                cmd <- paste0("f <- base::file(", quote_path(serf),
                              ", \"wb\")")
                cmd <- append(cmd,
                paste0("base::invisible(base::suppressWarnings(base::serialize(",
                    "base::as.list(base::getNamespace(\"", pkg_name, "\"), all.names=TRUE), f)))"))
                cmd <- append(cmd, "base::close(f)")
                do_test_load(extra_cmd = paste(cmd, collapse = "\n"))
                starsmsg(stars,
                    "testing if installed package keeps a record of temporary installation path")
                r <- readBin(serf, "raw", n=file.size(serf))
                unlink(serf)
                if (length(grepRaw("00new", r, fixed = TRUE, all = FALSE,
                                   value = FALSE)))
                    errmsg("hard-coded installation path: ",
                           "please report to the package maintainer and use ",
                           sQuote("--no-staged-install"))
            }
        }

        if (do_strip_lib &&
            nzchar(strip_cmd <- Sys.getenv("R_STRIP_STATIC_LIB")) &&
            length(a_s <- Sys.glob(file.path(file.path(lib, curPkg),
                                             "lib", "*.a")))) {
            if(length(a_s) > 1L)
                starsmsg(stars, "stripping static libraries under lib")
            else
                starsmsg(stars, "stripping static library under lib")
            system(paste(c(strip_cmd, shQuote(a_s)), collapse = " "))
        }
        if (do_strip_lib &&
            nzchar(strip_cmd <- Sys.getenv("R_STRIP_SHARED_LIB")) &&
            length(so_s <- Sys.glob(file.path(file.path(lib, curPkg), "lib",
                                              paste0("*", SHLIB_EXT))))) {
            if(length(so_s) > 1L)
                starsmsg(stars, "stripping dynamic libraries under lib")
            else
                starsmsg(stars, "stripping dynamic library under lib")
            system(paste(c(strip_cmd, shQuote(so_s)), collapse = " "))
        }
    } ## do_install_source

    options(showErrorCalls = FALSE)
    pkgs <- character()
    if (is.null(args)) {
        args <- commandArgs(TRUE)
        ## it seems that splits on spaces, so try harder.
        args <- paste(args, collapse = " ")
        args <- strsplit(args,'nextArg', fixed = TRUE)[[1L]][-1L]
    }
    args0 <- args

    startdir <- getwd()
    if (is.null(startdir))
        stop("current working directory cannot be ascertained")
    lib <- lib0 <- ""
    clean <- FALSE
    preclean <- FALSE
    debug <- FALSE
    static_html <- nzchar(system.file("html", "mean.html", package="base"))
    build_html <- static_html
    build_latex <- FALSE
    build_example <- FALSE
    use_configure <- TRUE
    configure_args <- character()
    configure_vars <- character()
    fake <- FALSE
##    lazy <- TRUE
    lazy_data <- FALSE
    byte_compile <- NA # means take from DESCRIPTION file.
    staged_install <- NA # means not given by command line argument
    ## Next is not very useful unless R CMD INSTALL reads a startup file
    lock <- getOption("install.lock", NA) # set for overall or per-package
    pkglock <- FALSE  # set for per-package locking
    libs_only <- FALSE
    tar_up <- zip_up <- FALSE
    sign <- FALSE
    shargs <- character()
    multiarch <- TRUE
    force_biarch <- FALSE
    force_both <- FALSE
    test_load <- TRUE
    merge <- FALSE
    dsym <- nzchar(Sys.getenv("PKG_MAKE_DSYM"))
    get_user_libPaths <- FALSE
    data_compress <- TRUE # FALSE (none), TRUE (gzip), 2 (bzip2), 3 (xz)
    resave_data <- FALSE
    compact_docs <- FALSE
    keep.source <- getOption("keep.source.pkgs")
    keep.parse.data <- getOption("keep.parse.data.pkgs")
    use_LTO <- NA # means take from DESCRIPTION file.
    use_C <- NA # means take from DESCRIPTION file.
    built_stamp <- character()

    install_libs <- TRUE
    install_R <- TRUE
    install_data <- TRUE
    install_demo <- TRUE
    install_exec <- TRUE
    install_inst <- TRUE
    install_help <- TRUE
    install_tests <- FALSE
    do_strip <- do_strip_lib <- FALSE

    while(length(args)) {
        a <- args[1L]
        if (a %in% c("-h", "--help")) {
            Usage()
            do_exit(0)
        }
        else if (a %in% c("-v", "--version")) {
            cat("R add-on package installer: ",
                R.version[["major"]], ".",  R.version[["minor"]],
                " (r", R.version[["svn rev"]], ")\n", sep = "")
            cat("",
                .R_copyright_msg(2000),
                "This is free software; see the GNU General Public License version 2",
                "or later for copying conditions.  There is NO warranty.",
                sep = "\n")
	    do_exit(0)
        } else if (a %in% c("-c", "--clean")) {
            clean <- TRUE
            shargs <- c(shargs, "--clean")
        } else if (a == "--preclean") {
            preclean <- TRUE
            shargs <- c(shargs, "--preclean")
        } else if (a %in% c("-d", "--debug")) {
            debug <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--no-configure") {
            use_configure <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--no-docs") {
            build_html <- build_latex <- build_example <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--no-html") {
            build_html <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--html") {
            build_html <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--latex") {
            build_latex <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--example") {
            build_example <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "-l") {
            if (length(args) >= 2L) {lib <- args[2L]; args <- args[-1L]}
            else stop("-l option without value", call. = FALSE)
        } else if (substr(a, 1, 10) == "--library=") {
            lib <- substr(a, 11, 1000)
        } else if (substr(a, 1, 17) == "--configure-args=") {
            configure_args <- c(configure_args, substr(a, 18, 1000))
        } else if (substr(a, 1, 17) == "--configure-vars=") {
            configure_vars <- c(configure_vars, substr(a, 18, 1000))
        } else if (a == "--fake") {
            fake <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--no-lock") {
            lock <- pkglock <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--lock") {
            lock <- TRUE; pkglock <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--pkglock") {
            lock <- pkglock <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--libs-only") {
            libs_only <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--no-multiarch") {
            multiarch <- FALSE
        ## } else if (a == "--force-biarch") {
        ##     force_biarch <- TRUE
        ## } else if (a == "--compile-both") {
        ##     force_both <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--maybe-get-user-libPaths") {
            get_user_libPaths <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--build") {
            if (WINDOWS) zip_up <- TRUE else tar_up <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--sign") {
            sign <- TRUE
        } else if (substr(a, 1, 16) == "--data-compress=") {
            dc <- substr(a, 17, 1000)
            dc <- match.arg(dc, c("none", "gzip", "bzip2", "xz"))
            data_compress <- switch(dc,
                                    "none" = FALSE,
                                    "gzip" = TRUE,
                                    "bzip2" = 2,
                                    "xz" = 3)
        } else if (a == "--resave-data") {
            resave_data <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--install-tests") {
            install_tests <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--no-inst") {
            install_inst <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--no-R") {
            install_R <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--no-libs") {
            install_libs <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--no-data") {
            install_data <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--no-demo") {
            install_demo <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--no-exec") {
            install_exec <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--no-help") {
            install_help <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--no-test-load") {
            test_load <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--no-clean-on-error") {
            clean_on_error  <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--merge-multiarch") {
            merge <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--compact-docs") {
            compact_docs <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--with-keep.source") {
            keep.source <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--without-keep.source") {
            keep.source <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--with-keep.parse.data") {
            keep.parse.data <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--without-keep.parse.data") {
            keep.parse.data <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--byte-compile") {
            byte_compile <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--no-byte-compile") {
            byte_compile <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--use-LTO") {
            use_LTO <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--no-use-LTO") {
            use_LTO <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--use-C17") {
            use_C <- 17
        } else if (a == "--use-C23") {
            use_C <- 23
        } else if (a == "--use-C90") {
            use_C <- 90
        } else if (a == "--use-C99") {
            use_C <- 99
        } else if (a == "--staged-install") {
            staged_install <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--no-staged-install") {
            staged_install <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--dsym") {
            dsym <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--strip") {
            do_strip <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--strip-lib") {
            do_strip_lib <- TRUE
        } else if (substr(a, 1, 18) == "--built-timestamp=") {
            built_stamp <- substr(a, 19, 1000)
        } else if (startsWith(a, "-")) {
            message("Warning: unknown option ", sQuote(a), domain = NA)
        } else pkgs <- c(pkgs, a)
        args <- args[-1L]
    }

    if (keep.tmpdir) {
      make_tmpdir <- function(prefix, nchars = 8, ntries = 100) {
        for(i in 1:ntries) {
          name <- paste(sample(c(0:9, letters, LETTERS), nchars, replace=TRUE), collapse="")
          path <- paste(prefix, name, sep = "/")
          if (dir.create(path, showWarnings = FALSE, recursive = T)) {
            return(path)
          }
        }
        stop("cannot create unique directory for build")
      }
      tmpdir <- make_tmpdir(user.tmpdir)
    } else {
      tmpdir <- tempfile("R.INSTALL")
      if (!dir.create(tmpdir))
          stop("cannot create temporary directory")
    }

    if (merge) {
        if (length(pkgs) != 1L || !file_test("-f", pkgs))
            stop("ERROR: '--merge-multiarch' applies only to a single tarball",
                 call. = FALSE)
        if (WINDOWS) {
            f  <- dir(file.path(R.home(), "bin"))
            archs <- f[f %in% c("i386", "x64")]
            if (length(archs) > 1L) {
                args <- args0 %w/o% c("--merge-multiarch", "--build")
                ## this will report '* DONE (foo)' if it works, which
                ## R CMD check treats as an indication of success.
                ## so use a backdoor to suppress it.
                Sys.setenv("_R_INSTALL_NO_DONE_" = "yes")
                for (arch in archs) {
                    cmd <- c(shQuote(file.path(R.home(), "bin", arch,
                                               "Rcmd.exe")),
                             "INSTALL", shQuote(args), "--no-multiarch")
                    if (arch == "x64") {
                        ## this will suppress stars message "using
                        ## non-staged installation", which could otherwise
                        ## be turned into R CMD check note
                        Sys.setenv("_R_INSTALL_SUPPRESS_NO_STAGED_MESSAGE_" = "yes")
                        cmd <- c(cmd, "--libs-only --no-staged-install",
                                 if(zip_up) "--build")
                        Sys.unsetenv("_R_INSTALL_NO_DONE_")
                    }
                    cmd <- paste(cmd, collapse = " ")
                    if (debug) message("about to run ", cmd, domain = NA)
                    message("\n", "install for ", arch, "\n", domain = NA)
                    res <- system(cmd)
                    if (arch == "x64")
                        Sys.unsetenv("_R_INSTALL_SUPPRESS_NO_STAGED_MESSAGE_")
                    if(res) break
                }
            }
        } else {
            archs  <- dir(file.path(R.home("bin"), "exec"))
            if (length(archs) > 1L) {
                args <- args0 %w/o% c("--merge-multiarch", "--build")
                ## this will report '* DONE (foo)' if it works, which
                ## R CMD check treats as an indication of success.
                ## so use a backdoor to suppress it.
                Sys.setenv("_R_INSTALL_NO_DONE_" = "yes")
                last <- archs[length(archs)]
                for (arch in archs) {
                    cmd <- c(shQuote(file.path(R.home("bin"), "R")),
                             "--arch", arch, "CMD",
                             "INSTALL", shQuote(args), "--no-multiarch")
                    if (arch != archs[1L]) {
                        ## this will suppress stars message "using
                        ## non-staged installation", which could otherwise
                        ## be turned into R CMD check note
                        Sys.setenv("_R_INSTALL_SUPPRESS_NO_STAGED_MESSAGE_" = "yes")
                        cmd <- c(cmd, "--libs-only --no-staged-install")
                    }
                    if (arch == last) {
                        Sys.unsetenv("_R_INSTALL_NO_DONE_")
                        if(tar_up) cmd <- c(cmd, "--build")
                    }
                    cmd <- paste(cmd, collapse = " ")
                    if (debug) message("about to run ", cmd, domain = NA)
                    message("\n", "install for ", arch, "\n", domain = NA)
                    res <- system(cmd)
                    if (arch != archs[1L])
                        Sys.unsetenv("_R_INSTALL_SUPPRESS_NO_STAGED_MESSAGE_")
                    if(res) break
                }
            }
        }
        if (length(archs) > 1L) {
            if (res) do_exit_on_error()
            do_cleanup()
            on.exit()
            return(invisible())
        }
        message("only one architecture so ignoring '--merge-multiarch'",
                domain = NA)
    }

    ## now unpack tarballs and do some basic checks
    allpkgs <- character()
    for(pkg in pkgs) {
        if (debug) message("processing ", sQuote(pkg), domain = NA)
        if (file_test("-f", pkg)) {
            if (WINDOWS && endsWith(pkg, ".zip")) {
                if (debug) message("a zip file", domain = NA)
                pkgname <- basename(pkg)
                pkgname <- sub("\\.zip$", "", pkgname)
                pkgname <- sub("_[0-9.-]+$", "", pkgname)
                allpkgs <- c(allpkgs, pkg)
                next
            }
            if (debug) message("a file", domain = NA)
            of <- dir(tmpdir, full.names = TRUE)
            ## force the use of internal untar unless over-ridden
            ## so e.g. .tar.xz works everywhere
            if (utils::untar(pkg, exdir = tmpdir,
                             tar =  Sys.getenv("R_INSTALL_TAR", "internal")))
                errmsg("error unpacking tarball")
            ## Now see what we got
            nf <- dir(tmpdir, full.names = TRUE)
            new <- nf %w/o% of
            if (!length(new))
                errmsg("cannot extract package from ", sQuote(pkg))
            if (length(new) > 1L)
                errmsg("extracted multiple files from ", sQuote(pkg))
            if (dir.exists(new)) pkgname <- basename(new)
            else errmsg("cannot extract package from ", sQuote(pkg))
            if (file.exists(file.path(tmpdir, pkgname, "DESCRIPTION"))) {
                allpkgs <- c(allpkgs, file.path(tmpdir, pkgname))
            } else errmsg("cannot extract package from ", sQuote(pkg))
        } else if (file.exists(file.path(pkg, "DESCRIPTION"))) {
            if (debug) message("a directory", domain = NA)
            pkgname <- basename(pkg)
            allpkgs <- c(allpkgs, fullpath(pkg))
        } else {
            warning("invalid package ", sQuote(pkg), call. = FALSE)
            next
        }
    }

    if (!length(allpkgs))
        stop("ERROR: no packages specified", call.=FALSE)


    if (!nzchar(lib)) {
        lib <- if (get_user_libPaths) { ## need .libPaths()[1L] *after* the site- and user-initialization
	    system(paste(shQuote(file.path(R.home("bin"), "Rscript")),
                         "-e 'cat(.libPaths()[1L])'"),
                   intern = TRUE)
        }
        else .libPaths()[1L]
        starsmsg(stars, "installing to library ", sQuote(lib))
    } else {
        lib0 <- lib <- path.expand(lib)
        ## lib is allowed to be a relative path.
        ## should be OK below, but be sure.
        cwd <- tryCatch(setwd(lib), error = function(e)
                        stop(gettextf("ERROR: cannot cd to directory %s", sQuote(lib)),
                             call. = FALSE, domain = NA))
        lib <- getwd()
        setwd(cwd)
    }
    ok <- dir.exists(lib)
    if (ok) {
        if (WINDOWS) {
            ## file.access is unreliable on Windows
            ## the only known reliable way is to try it
            fn <- file.path(lib, paste0("_test_dir_", Sys.getpid()))
            unlink(fn, recursive = TRUE) # precaution
            res <- try(dir.create(fn, showWarnings = FALSE))
            if (inherits(res, "try-error") || !res) ok <- FALSE
            else unlink(fn, recursive = TRUE)
        } else ok <- file.access(lib, 2L) == 0L
    }
    if (!ok)
        stop("ERROR: no permission to install to directory ",
             sQuote(lib), call. = FALSE)

    group.writable <- if(WINDOWS) FALSE else {
	## install package group-writable  iff  in group-writable lib
        d <-  as.octmode("020")
	(file.mode(lib) & d) == d ## TRUE  iff  g-bit is "w"
    }

    if (libs_only) {
	install_R <- FALSE
	install_data <- FALSE
	install_demo <- FALSE
	install_exec <- FALSE
	install_inst <- FALSE
	install_help <- FALSE
    }
    more_than_libs <- !libs_only
    ## if(!WINDOWS && !more_than_libs) test_load <- FALSE


    mk_lockdir <- function(lockdir)
    {
        if (file.exists(lockdir)) {
            message("ERROR: failed to lock directory ", sQuote(lib),
                    " for modifying\nTry removing ", sQuote(lockdir),
                    domain = NA)
            do_cleanup_tmpdir()
            do_exit(status = 3)
        }
        dir.create(lockdir, recursive = TRUE)
        if (!dir.exists(lockdir)) {
            message("ERROR: failed to create lock directory ", sQuote(lockdir),
                    domain = NA)
            do_cleanup_tmpdir()
            do_exit(status = 3)
        }
        if (debug) starsmsg(stars, "created lock directory ", sQuote(lockdir))
    }

    if (is.na(lock)) {
        lock <- TRUE
        pkglock <- length(allpkgs) == 1L
    }
    if (lock && !pkglock) {
        lockdir <- file.path(lib, "00LOCK")
        mk_lockdir(lockdir)
    }
    if (is.na(staged_install)) {
        # environment variable intended as temporary
        rsi <- Sys.getenv("R_INSTALL_STAGED")
        rsi <- switch(rsi,
                      "TRUE"=, "true"=, "True"=, "yes"=, "Yes"= 1,
                      "FALSE"=,"false"=,"False"=, "no"=, "No" = 0,
                      as.numeric(rsi))
        if (!is.na(rsi))
            staged_install <- (rsi > 0)
        else
            staged_install <- TRUE
    }
    if  ((tar_up || zip_up) && fake)
        stop("building a fake installation is disallowed")

    if (fake) {
        use_configure <- FALSE
        if("--html" %notin% args0)
            build_html <- FALSE
        build_latex <- FALSE
        build_example <- FALSE
	install_libs <- FALSE
	install_demo <- FALSE
	install_exec <- FALSE
#	install_inst <- FALSE
    }

    build_help_types <- character()
    if (build_html) build_help_types <- c(build_help_types, "html")
    if (build_latex) build_help_types <- c(build_help_types, "latex")
    if (build_example) build_help_types <- c(build_help_types, "example")
    build_help <- length(build_help_types) > 0L

    if (debug)
        starsmsg(stars, "build_help_types=",
                 paste(build_help_types, collapse = " "))

    if (debug)
        starsmsg(stars, "DBG: 'R CMD INSTALL' now doing do_install()")

    for(pkg in allpkgs) {
        if (pkglock) {
            lockdir <- file.path(lib, paste0("00LOCK-", basename(pkg)))
            mk_lockdir(lockdir)
        }
        do_install(pkg)
    }
    do_cleanup()
    on.exit()
    invisible()
} ## .install_packages()

## for R CMD SHLIB on all platforms
.SHLIB <- function()
{
    status <- .shlib_internal(commandArgs(TRUE))
    q("no", status = (status != 0), runLast=FALSE)
}

## for .SHLIB and R CMD INSTALL on all platforms
.shlib_internal <- function(args)
{
    Usage <- function()
        cat("Usage: R CMD SHLIB [options] files | linker options",
            "",
            "Build a shared object for dynamic loading from the specified source or",
            "object files (which are automagically made from their sources) or",
            "linker options.  If not given via '--output', the name for the shared",
            "object is determined from the first source or object file.",
            "",
            "Options:",
            "  -h, --help		print short help message and exit",
            "  -v, --version		print version info and exit",
            "  -o, --output=LIB	use LIB as (full) name for the built library",
            "  -c, --clean		remove files created during compilation",
            "  --preclean		remove files created during a previous run",
            "  -n, --dry-run		dry run, showing commands that would be used",
            "  --use-LTO		use Link-Time Optimization",
            "  --no-use-LTO		do not use Link-Time Optimization",
            "  --use-C17	        use a C standard at most C17 (alsp C90, C99)",
            "  --use-C23	        use a C standard at least C23",
            "",
            "Windows only:",
            "  -d, --debug		build a debug DLL",
            "",
            "Report bugs at <https://bugs.R-project.org>.",
            sep = "\n")

    ## FIXME shQuote here?
    p1 <- function(...) paste(..., collapse = " ")

    WINDOWS <- .Platform$OS.type == "windows"
    cross <- Sys.getenv("R_CROSS_BUILD")
    if(nzchar(cross)) {
        if(!cross %in% c("x64", "singlearch"))
            stop(gettextf("invalid value for '%s' : %s",
                          "R_CROSS_BUILD", sQuote(cross)),
                 domain = NA)
        WINDOWS <- TRUE
        Sys.setenv(R_ARCH = if (cross == "singlearch") "" else paste0("/", cross))
    }

    if (!WINDOWS) {
        mconf <- readLines(file.path(paste0(R.home("etc"), Sys.getenv("R_ARCH")),
                                     "Makeconf"))
        SHLIB_EXT <- sub(".*= ", "", grep("^SHLIB_EXT", mconf, value = TRUE,
                                          perl = TRUE))
        SHLIB_LIBADD <- sub(".*= ", "", grep("^SHLIB_LIBADD", mconf,
                                             value = TRUE, perl = TRUE))
        MAKE <- Sys.getenv("MAKE")
        rarch <- Sys.getenv("R_ARCH")
    } else {
        rhome <- chartr("\\", "/", R.home())
        Sys.setenv(R_HOME = rhome)
        SHLIB_EXT <- ".dll"
        SHLIB_LIBADD <- ""
        MAKE <- "make"
        ## Formerly for winshlib.mk to pick up Makeconf
        rarch <- Sys.getenv("R_ARCH", NA_character_)
        if(is.na(rarch)) {
            if (nzchar(.Platform$r_arch)) {
                rarch <- paste0("/", .Platform$r_arch)
                Sys.setenv(R_ARCH = rarch)
            } else rarch <- ""
        }
    }

    OBJ_EXT <- ".o" # all currrent compilers, but not some on Windows

    ## The order of inclusion of Makefiles on a Unix-alike is
    ## package's src/Makevars
    ## etc/Makeconf
    ## site Makevars
    ## share/make/shlib.mk
    ## user Makevars
    ## and similarly elsewhere
    objs <- character()
    shlib <- ""
    makefiles <-
        c(file.path(paste0(R.home("etc"), rarch), "Makeconf"),
          makevars_site(),
          file.path(R.home("share"), "make",
                    if (WINDOWS) "winshlib.mk" else "shlib.mk"))
    shlib_libadd <- if (nzchar(SHLIB_LIBADD)) SHLIB_LIBADD else character()
    with_c <- FALSE
    with_cxx <- FALSE
    with_f77 <- FALSE
    with_f9x <- FALSE
    with_objc <- FALSE
    use_cxxstd <- NULL
    use_fc_link <- FALSE
    use_lto <- NA
    use_C <- ""
    pkg_libs <- character()
    clean <- FALSE
    preclean <- FALSE
    dry_run <- FALSE
    debug <- FALSE

    while(length(args)) {
        a <- args[1L]
        if (a %in% c("-h", "--help")) {
            Usage()
            return(0L)
        }
        else if (a %in% c("-v", "--version")) {
            cat("R shared object builder: ",
                R.version[["major"]], ".",  R.version[["minor"]],
                " (r", R.version[["svn rev"]], ")\n", sep = "")
            cat("",
                .R_copyright_msg(2000),
                "This is free software; see the GNU General Public License version 2",
                "or later for copying conditions.  There is NO warranty.",
                sep = "\n")
            return(0L)
        } else if (a %in% c("-n", "--dry-run")) {
            dry_run <- TRUE
        } else if (a %in% c("-d", "--debug")) {
            debug <- TRUE
        } else if (a %in% c("-c", "--clean")) {
            clean <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--preclean") {
            preclean <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--use-LTO") {
            use_lto <- TRUE
        } else if (a == "--no-use-LTO") {
            use_lto <- FALSE
        } else if (a == "--use-C17") {
            use_C <- 17
        } else if (a == "--use-C23") {
            use_C <- 23
        } else if (a == "--use-C90") {
            use_C <- 90
        } else if (a == "--use-C99") {
            use_C <- 99
        } else if (a == "-o") {
            if (length(args) >= 2L) {shlib <- args[2L]; args <- args[-1L]}
            else stop("-o option without value", call. = FALSE)
        } else if (substr(a, 1, 9) == "--output=") {
            shlib <- substr(a, 10, 1000)
        } else {
            ## a source file or something like -Ldir -lfoo
            base <- sub("\\.[[:alnum:]]*$", "", a)
            ext <- sub(paste0(base, "."),  "", a, fixed = TRUE)
            nobj <- ""
            if (nzchar(ext)) {
                ## This will not work if there are no source files in
                ## the top-level directory
                if (ext %in% c("cc", "cpp")) {
                    with_cxx <- TRUE
                    nobj <- base
                } else if (ext == "m") {
                    with_objc <- TRUE
                    nobj <- base
                } else if (ext %in% c("mm", "M")) {
                    ## ObjC++ implies ObjC because we need ObjC runtime
                    ## ObjC++ implies C++ because we use C++ linker
                    with_objc <- with_cxx <- TRUE
                    nobj <- base
                } else if (ext == "f") {
                    with_f77 <- TRUE
                    nobj <- base
                } else if (ext %in% c("f90", "f95")) {
                    with_f9x <- TRUE
                    nobj <- base
                } else if (ext == "c") {
                    with_c <- TRUE
                    nobj <- base
                } else if (ext == "o") {
                    nobj <- base
                }
                if (nzchar(nobj) && !nzchar(shlib))
                    shlib <- paste0(nobj, SHLIB_EXT)
            }
            if (nzchar(nobj)) objs <- c(objs, nobj)
            else pkg_libs <- c(pkg_libs, a)
        }
        args <- args[-1L]
    }

    if (length(objs)) objs <- paste0(objs, OBJ_EXT, collapse = " ")

    makefiles <- c(makefiles, makevars_user())

    makeobjs <- paste0("OBJECTS=", shQuote(objs))
    if (WINDOWS && (file.exists(fn <- "Makevars.ucrt") || file.exists(fn <- "Makevars.win"))) {
        makefiles <- c(fn, makefiles)
        lines <- readLines(fn, warn = FALSE)
        if (length(grep("^OBJECTS *=", lines, perl=TRUE, useBytes = TRUE)))
            makeobjs <- ""
        if (length(ll <- grep("^CXX_STD *=", lines, perl = TRUE,
                              value = TRUE, useBytes = TRUE)) == 1) {
            val <- gsub("^CXX_STD *= *CXX", "", ll)
            val <- gsub("#.*$", "", val)
            val <- gsub(" +$", "", val)
            if (val %in% cxx_standards) {
                use_cxxstd <- val
                with_cxx <- TRUE
            } else {
                val <- gsub("^CXX_STD *= *", "", ll)
                val <- gsub("#.*$", "", val)
                val <- gsub(" +$", "", val)
                msg <- sprintf("src/%s: Unknown C++ standard %s was ignored", fn,  sQuote(val))
                warning(msg, domain = NA, call. = FALSE)
            }
        }
        if (any(grepl("^USE_FC_TO_LINK", lines, perl=TRUE, useBytes = TRUE)))
            use_fc_link <- TRUE
    } else if (file.exists("Makevars")) {
        makefiles <- c("Makevars", makefiles)
        lines <- readLines("Makevars", warn = FALSE)
        if (length(grep("^OBJECTS *=", lines, perl = TRUE, useBytes = TRUE)))
            makeobjs <- ""
        if (length(ll <- grep("^CXX_STD *=", lines, perl = TRUE,
                              value = TRUE, useBytes = TRUE)) == 1) {
            val <- gsub("^CXX_STD *= *CXX", "", ll)
            val <- gsub("#.*$", "", val)
            val <- gsub(" +$", "", val)
            if (val %in% cxx_standards) {
                use_cxxstd <- val
                with_cxx <- TRUE
            } else {
                val <- gsub("^CXX_STD *= *", "", ll)
                val <- gsub("#.*$", "", val)
                val <- gsub(" +$", "", val)
                msg <- sprintf("src/Makevars: Unknown C++ standard %s was ignored", sQuote(val))
                warning(msg, domain = NA, call. = FALSE)
            }
        }
        if (any(grepl("^USE_FC_TO_LINK", lines, perl=TRUE, useBytes = TRUE)))
            use_fc_link <- TRUE
    }
    if (is.null(use_cxxstd)) {
        for (i in cxx_standards) {
            if (nzchar(Sys.getenv(paste0("USE_CXX", i)))) {
                use_cxxstd <- i
                break
            }
        }
    }
    val <- Sys.getenv("R_PKG_CXX_STD")
    if (is.null(use_cxxstd)) {
        if (val %in% cxx_standards) {
            use_cxxstd <- val
        }
    } else if (nzchar(val) && (val != use_cxxstd)) {
        warning("SystemRequirements and Makevars* specified different C++ standards", domain = NA, call. = FALSE)
    }

    if (with_cxx) {
        checkCXX <- function(cxxstd) {
            for (i in rev(seq_along(makefiles))) {
                lines <- readLines(makefiles[i], warn = FALSE)
                pattern <- paste0("^CXX", cxxstd, " *= *")
                ll <- grep(pattern, lines, perl = TRUE, value = TRUE,
                           useBytes = TRUE)
                for (j in rev(seq_along(ll))) {
                    cxx <- gsub(pattern, "", ll[j])
                    return(nzchar(cxx))
                }
            }
            return(FALSE)
        }
        if (!is.null(use_cxxstd)) {
            if (use_cxxstd == "98") {
                stop("C++98 standard requested but unsupported",
                     call. = FALSE, domain = NA)
            }
            if (use_cxxstd %in% c("11", "14")) {
                message("specified C++", use_cxxstd, domain = NA)
                use_cxxstd <- NULL
            }
            else if (!checkCXX(use_cxxstd)) {
                stop(paste0("C++", use_cxxstd, " standard requested but CXX",
                            use_cxxstd, " is not defined"),
                     call. = FALSE, domain = NA)
            } else
                message("specified C++", use_cxxstd, domain = NA)
        }
    }

    makeargs <- paste0("SHLIB=", shQuote(shlib))
    if (with_cxx) {
        if (!is.null(use_cxxstd)) {
            cxx_makeargs <- sprintf(c("CXX='$(CXX%s) $(CXX%sSTD)'",
                                      "CXXFLAGS='$(CXX%sFLAGS)'",
                                      "CXXPICFLAGS='$(CXX%sPICFLAGS)'",
                                      "SHLIB_LDFLAGS='$(SHLIB_CXX%sLDFLAGS)'",
                                      "SHLIB_LD='$(SHLIB_CXX%sLD)'"),
                                    use_cxxstd, use_cxxstd)
            makeargs <- c(cxx_makeargs, makeargs)
        }
        else {
            makeargs <-  c("SHLIB_LDFLAGS='$(SHLIB_CXXLDFLAGS)'",
                           "SHLIB_LD='$(SHLIB_CXXLD)'", makeargs)
        }
    } else if (use_fc_link && (with_f77 || with_f9x))
        makeargs <- c("SHLIB_LDFLAGS='$(SHLIB_FCLDFLAGS)'",
                      "SHLIB_LD='$(SHLIB_FCLD)'",
                      ## avoid $(LIBINTL) and $(LIBR)
                      "ALL_LIBS='$(PKG_LIBS) $(SHLIB_LIBADD) $(SAN_LIBS)'",
                      makeargs)
    if (with_objc) shlib_libadd <- c(shlib_libadd, "$(OBJC_LIBS)")
    if (with_f77 || with_f9x) {
        if (use_fc_link)
            shlib_libadd <- c(shlib_libadd, "$(FCLIBS_XTRA)")
        else
            shlib_libadd <- c(shlib_libadd, "$(FLIBS) $(FCLIBS_XTRA)")
    }
    if (nzchar(use_C)) {
        checkC <- function(cstd) {
            for (i in rev(seq_along(makefiles))) {
                lines <- readLines(makefiles[i], warn = FALSE)
                pattern <- paste0("^CC", cstd, " *= *")
                ll <- grep(pattern, lines, perl = TRUE, value = TRUE,
                           useBytes = TRUE)
                for (j in rev(seq_along(ll))) {
                    cs <- gsub(pattern, "", ll[j])
                    return(nzchar(cs))
                }
            }
            return(FALSE)
        }
        if (!checkC(use_C)) {
            stop(paste0("C", use_C, " standard requested but CC", use_C,
                        " is not defined"),
                 call. = FALSE, domain = NA)
        }
        c_makeargs <- sprintf(c("CC='$(CC%s)'", "CFLAGS='$(C%sFLAGS)'"), use_C)
        makeargs <- c(c_makeargs, makeargs)
    }
    if (length(pkg_libs))
        makeargs <- c(makeargs,
                      paste0("PKG_LIBS='", p1(pkg_libs), "'"))
    if (length(shlib_libadd))
        makeargs <- c(makeargs,
                      paste0("SHLIB_LIBADD='", p1(shlib_libadd), "'"))
    if (with_f9x && file.exists("Makevars") &&
        length(grep("^\\s*PKG_FCFLAGS", lines, perl = TRUE, useBytes = TRUE)))
        makeargs <- c(makeargs, "P_FCFLAGS='$(PKG_FCFLAGS)'")

    if (WINDOWS && debug) makeargs <- c(makeargs, "DEBUG=T")
    ## TCLBIN is needed for tkrplot and tcltk2
    if (WINDOWS && rarch == "/x64") makeargs <- c(makeargs, "WIN=64 TCLBIN=")

    build_objects_symbol_tables <-
        config_val_to_logical(Sys.getenv("_R_SHLIB_BUILD_OBJECTS_SYMBOL_TABLES_",
                                         "FALSE"))

    makeargs <- c(makeargs,
                  if(isTRUE(use_lto))
                      c(paste0("LTO=", shQuote("$(LTO_OPT)")),
                        paste0("LTO_FC=", shQuote("$(LTO_FC_OPT)")))
                  else if(isFALSE(use_lto)) c("LTO=", "LTO_FC=")
                  )
    ## if(config_val_to_logical(Sys.getenv("_R_CXX_USE_NO_REMAP_", "TRUE")))
    ##      makeargs <- c(makeargs, "CXX_DEFS=-DR_NO_REMAP")
##    if(config_val_to_logical(Sys.getenv("_R_USE_STRICT_R_HEADERS_", "FALSE")))
##         makeargs <- c(makeargs, "XDEFS=-DSTRICT_R_HEADERS=1")

    cmd <- paste(MAKE, p1(paste("-f", shQuote(makefiles))), p1(makeargs),
                 p1(makeobjs))
    if (dry_run) {
        cat("make cmd is\n  ", cmd, "\n\nmake would use\n", sep = "")
        system(paste(cmd, "-n"))
        res <- 0
    } else {
        ## first report versions of involved compilers
        lines <- system(paste(MAKE, p1(paste("-f", shQuote(makefiles))),
                              "compilers"), intern = TRUE)
        ## (unless make fails anyway, such as from syntax errors in makefiles)
        if (is.null(attr(lines, "status"))) {

        if (with_c) {
            cc <- lines[grep("^CC =", lines)]
            cc <- sub("CC = ", "", cc)
            ## We do not strip flags in configure so leave them here
            ## cc <- sub(" -.*", "", cc)
            ## As this might be more than one word we use system not system2.
            cc_ver <- try(system(paste(cc, "--version"),
                                 intern = TRUE), silent = TRUE)
            if(!inherits(cc_ver, "try-error"))
                message("using C compiler: ", sQuote(cc_ver[1L]),
                        domain = NA) # grepped in check
        }
        if (with_f77 || with_f9x) {
            fc <- lines[grep("^FC =", lines)]
            fc <- sub("FC = ", "", fc)
            ## fc <- sub(" -.*", "", fc)
            fc_ver <- try(system(paste(fc, "--version"),
                                 intern = TRUE), silent = TRUE)
            if(!inherits(fc_ver, "try-error"))
                message("using Fortran compiler: ", sQuote(fc_ver[1L]),
                        domain = NA)
        }
        if (with_cxx) {
            cxx <- lines[grep("^CXX =", lines)]
            cxx <- sub("CXX = ", "", cxx)
            ## cxx <- sub(" -.*", "", cxx)
            if(nzchar(cxx)) {
                cxx_ver <- try(system(paste(cxx, "--version"),
                                 intern = TRUE), silent = TRUE)
                if(!inherits(cxx_ver, "try-error")) {
                    message("using C++ compiler: ", sQuote(cxx_ver[1L]),
                            domain = NA)
                    if(!is.null(use_cxxstd))
                       message("using C++", use_cxxstd, domain = NA)
                }
            }
        }

        }
        if (Sys.info()["sysname"] == "Darwin" &&
            (with_c|| with_f77 || with_f9x || with_cxx)) {
            ## report the SDK in use: this changed at Xcode/CLT 26
            sdk <- try(system2("xcrun", "--show-sdk-version", TRUE, TRUE), silent = TRUE)
            if(!inherits(sdk, "try-error")) {
                sdk <- if (length(attr(sdk, "status"))) NA_character_
                       else paste0("MacOSX", sdk, ".sdk")
                message("using SDK: ", sQuote(sdk), domain = NA)
            }
        }
        if (preclean) system(paste(cmd, "shlib-clean"))
        res <- system(cmd)
        if((res == 0L) && build_objects_symbol_tables) {
            ## Should only do this if the previous one went ok.
            system(paste(cmd, "symbols.rds"))
        }
        if (clean) system(paste(cmd, "shlib-clean"))
    }
    res # probably a multiple of 256
}


## called for base packages from src/Makefile[.win] and from
## .install_packages in this file.  Really *help* indices.
.writePkgIndices <-
    function(dir, outDir, OS = .Platform$OS.type, html = TRUE)
{
    re <- function(x)
    {
        ## sort order for topics, a little tricky
        ## FALSE sorts before TRUE
        xx <- rep.int(TRUE, length(x))
        xx[grep("-package", x, fixed = TRUE)] <- FALSE
        order(xx, toupper(x), x)
    }

    html_header <- function(pkg, title, version, encoding, conn)
    {
        cat(paste(HTMLheader(title,
                             logo = staticLogoPath(dir, relative = TRUE, Rhome = "../../..", dir = TRUE),
                             Rhome = "../../..",
                             up = "../../../doc/html/packages.html",
                             css = "R.css"),
                  collapse = "\n"),
           '<h2>Documentation for package &lsquo;', pkg, '&rsquo; version ',
            version, '</h2>\n\n', sep = "", file = conn)

	cat('<ul><li><a href="../DESCRIPTION" type="text/plain',
            ## These days we should really always have UTF-8 ...
            if(!is.na(encoding) && (encoding == "UTF-8"))
                "; charset=utf-8",
            '">DESCRIPTION file</a></li>\n',
            sep = "", file = conn)
	if (file.exists(file.path(outDir, "doc")))
	    cat('<li><a href="../doc/index.html">User guides, package vignettes and other documentation</a></li>\n',
                file = conn)
	if (file.exists(file.path(outDir, "demo")))
	    cat('<li><a href="../demo">Code demos</a>.  Use <a href="../../utils/help/demo">demo()</a> to run them.</li>\n',
                sep = "", file = conn)
        for(nfile in c("NEWS", "NEWS.Rd", "NEWS.md")) {
            if(file.exists(file.path(outDir, nfile))) {
                cat('<li><a href="../', nfile, '">Package NEWS</a></li>\n',
                    sep = "", file = conn)
                break
            }
        }
        if(file.exists(file.path(outDir, "README.md")))
            cat('<li><a href="../README.md">Package README</a></li>\n',
                sep = "", file = conn)

        cat('</ul>\n\n<h2>Help Pages</h2>\n\n\n',
            sep ="", file = conn)
    }

    firstLetterCategory <- function(x)
    {
        x[endsWith(x, "-package")] <- " "
        x <- toupper(substr(x, 1, 1))
        x[x > "Z"] <- "misc"
        x[x < "A" & x != " "] <- "misc"
        x
    }

    ## This may well already have been done:
    Rd <- if (file.exists(f <- file.path(outDir, "Meta", "Rd.rds")))
        readRDS(f)
    else {
        ## Keep this in sync with .install_package_Rd_indices().
        ## Rd objects should already have been installed.
        db <- tryCatch(Rd_db(basename(outDir), lib.loc = dirname(outDir)),
                       error = function(e) NULL)
        ## If not, we build the Rd db from the sources:
        if (is.null(db)) db <- Rd_db(dir = dir)
        Rd <- Rd_contents(db)
        saveRDS(Rd, file.path(outDir, "Meta", "Rd.rds"))
        Rd
    }

    topics <- Rd$Aliases
    M <- if (!length(topics)) {
        list2DF(list(Topic = character(),
                     File = character(),
                     Title = character(),
                     Internal = character()))
    } else {
        lens <- lengths(topics)
        files <- sub("\\.[Rr]d$", "", Rd$File)
        internal <- (vapply(Rd$Keywords,
                            function(x) match("internal", x, 0L),
                            0L) > 0L)
        list2DF(list(Topic = unlist(topics),
                     File = rep.int(files, lens),
                     Title = rep.int(Rd$Title, lens),
                     Internal = rep.int(internal, lens)))
    }
    ## FIXME duplicated aliases warning
    outman <- file.path(outDir, "help")
    dir.create(outman, showWarnings = FALSE)
    MM <- M[re(M[, 1L]), 1:2]
    utils::write.table(MM, file.path(outman, "AnIndex"),
                       quote = FALSE, row.names = FALSE, col.names = FALSE,
                       sep = "\t")
    a <- structure(MM[, 2L], names=MM[, 1L])
    saveRDS(a, file.path(outman, "aliases.rds"))

    ## have HTML index even if no help pages
    outman <- file.path(outDir, "html")
    dir.create(outman, showWarnings = FALSE)
    outcon <- file(file.path(outman, "00Index.html"), "wt")
    on.exit(close(outcon))
    ## we know we have a valid file by now.
    desc <- read.dcf(file.path(outDir, "DESCRIPTION"))[1L, ]
    ## re-encode if necessary
    if(!is.na(enc <- desc["Encoding"])) {
        ## should be valid in UTF-8, might be invalid in declared encoding
        desc <- iconv(desc, enc, "UTF-8", sub = "byte")
    }
    ## drop internal entries (by default)
    if(!config_val_to_logical(Sys.getenv("_R_INSTALL_HTML_INDEX_INTERNAL_TOO_",
                                         "FALSE")))
        M <- M[!M[, 4L], ]
    if (desc["Package"] %in% c("base", "graphics", "stats", "utils")) {
        for(pass in 1:2) {
            ## we skip method aliases
            gen <- gsub("\\.data\\.frame", ".data_frame", M$Topic)
            gen <- sub("\\.model\\.matrix$", ".modelmatrix", gen)
            gen <- sub("^(all|as|is|file|Sys|row|na|model)\\.", "\\1_", gen)
            gen <- sub("^(.*)\\.test", "\\1_test", gen)
            gen <- sub("([-[:alnum:]]+)\\.[^.]+$", "\\1", gen)
            last <- nrow(M)
            nongen <- gen %in% c("ar", "bw", "contr", "dyn", "lm", "qr", "ts", "which", ".Call", ".External", ".Library", ".First", ".Last")
            nc <- nchar(gen)
            asg <- (nc > 3) & endsWith(gen, "<-")
            skip <- (gen == c("", gen[-last])) & (M$File == c("", M$File[-last])) & !nongen
            skip <- skip | asg
            ##N <- cbind(M$Topic, gen, c("", gen[-last]), skip)
            M <- M[!skip, ]
        }
    }

    # Collapse method links into unique (generic, file) pairs
    M$Topic <- sub("^([^,]*),.*-method$", "\\1-method", M$Topic)
    M <- M[!duplicated(M[, c("Topic", "File")]),]
    M <- M[re(M[, 1L]), ]

    ## encode some entries.
    htmlize <- function(x, backtick)
    {
        x <- gsub("&", "&amp;", x, fixed = TRUE)
        x <- gsub("<", "&lt;",  x, fixed = TRUE)
        x <- gsub(">", "&gt;",  x, fixed = TRUE)
        if (backtick) {
            x <- gsub("---", "-", x, fixed = TRUE)
            x <- gsub("--",  "-", x, fixed = TRUE)
            ## these have been changed in the Rd parser
            #x <- gsub("``", "&ldquo;", x, fixed = TRUE)
            #x <- gsub("''", "&rdquo;", x, fixed = TRUE)
            #x <- gsub("\\`([^']+)'", "&lsquo;\\1&rsquo;", x)
            #x <- gsub("`", "'", x, fixed = TRUE)
        }
        x
    }
    M$HTopic <- htmlize(M$Topic, FALSE)
    M$ Title <- htmlize(M$Title, TRUE)

    ## No need to handle encodings: everything is in UTF-8

    html_header(desc["Package"], htmlize(desc["Title"], TRUE),
                desc["Version"], desc["Encoding"], outcon)

    use_alpha <- (nrow(M) > 100)
    if (use_alpha) {
        first <- firstLetterCategory(M$Topic)
        nm <- sort(names(table(first)))
        m <- match(" ", nm, 0L) # -package
        if (m) nm <- c(" ", nm[-m])
        m <- match("misc", nm, 0L) # force last in all locales.
        if (m) nm <- c(nm[-m], "misc")
	writeLines(c('<p style="text-align: center;">',
		     paste0("<a href=\"#", nm, "\">", nm, "</a>"),
		     "</p>\n"), outcon)
        for (f in nm) {
            MM <- M[first == f, ]
            if (f != " ")
                cat("\n<h2><a id=\"", f, "\">-- ", f, " --</a></h2>\n\n",
                    sep = "", file = outcon)
	    writeLines(c('<table style="width: 100%;">',
			 paste0('<tr><td style="width: 25%;"><a href="', MM[, 2L], '.html">',
				MM$HTopic, '</a></td>\n<td>', MM[, 3L],'</td></tr>'),
			 "</table>"), outcon)
       }
    } else if (nrow(M)) {
	writeLines(c('<table style="width: 100%;">',
		     paste0('<tr><td style="width: 25%;"><a href="', M[, 2L], '.html">',
			    M$HTopic, '</a></td>\n<td>', M[, 3L],'</td></tr>'),
		     "</table>"), outcon)
    } else { # no rows
         writeLines("There are no help pages in this package", outcon)
    }
    writeLines('</div></body></html>', outcon)
    file.copy(file.path(R.home("doc"), "html", "R.css"), outman)
    invisible(NULL)
}

### * .convertRdfiles

## possible types are "html", "latex", "example"
## outenc is used as the default output encoding for latex conversion
.convertRdfiles <-
    function(dir, outDir, types = "html", silent = FALSE, outenc = "UTF-8")
{
    showtype <- function(type) {
    	if (!shown) {
            nc <- nchar(bf)
            if (nc < 38L)
                cat("    ", bf, rep.int(" ", 40L - nc), sep = "")
            else
                cat("    ", bf, "\n", rep.int(" ", 44L), sep = "")
            shown <<- TRUE
        }
        ## 'example' is always last, so 5+space
        cat(type, rep.int(" ", max(0L, 6L - nchar(type))), sep = "")
    }

    dirname <- c("html", "latex", "R-ex")
    ext     <- c(".html", ".tex", ".R")
    names(dirname) <- names(ext) <- c("html", "latex", "example")
    mandir <- file.path(dir, "man")
    if (!dir.exists(mandir)) return()
    desc <- readRDS(file.path(outDir, "Meta", "package.rds"))$DESCRIPTION
    pkg <- desc["Package"]
    ver <- desc["Version"]

    for(type in types)
        dir.create(file.path(outDir, dirname[type]), showWarnings = FALSE)

    cat("  converting help for package ", sQuote(pkg), "\n", sep = "")

    ## FIXME: add this lib to lib.loc?
    if ("html" %in% types) {
        ## may be slow, so add a message
        if (!silent) message("    finding HTML links ...", appendLF = FALSE, domain = NA)
        Links <- findHTMLlinks(outDir, level = 0:1)
        if (!silent) message(" done", domain = NA)
        Links2 <- character()
    }

    ## Rd objects may already have been installed.
    db <- tryCatch(Rd_db(basename(outDir), lib.loc = dirname(outDir)),
                   error = function(e) NULL)
    ## If not, we build the Rd db from the sources:
    if (is.null(db)) db <- Rd_db(dir = dir)
    if (!length(db)) return()

    .whandler <-  function(e) {
        .messages <<- c(.messages,
                        paste("Rd warning:", conditionMessage(e)))
        tryInvokeRestart("muffleWarning")
    }
    .ehandler <- function(e) {
        message() # force newline
        unlink(ff)
        stop(conditionMessage(e), domain = NA, call. = FALSE)
    }
    .convert <- function(expr)
        withCallingHandlers(tryCatch(expr, error = .ehandler),
                            warning = .whandler)

    files <- names(db) # not full file names
    for(nf in files) {
        .messages <- character()
        Rd <- db[[nf]]
        attr(Rd, "source") <- NULL
	bf <- sub("\\.[Rr]d$", "", basename(nf)) # e.g. nf = "unix/Signals.Rd"
	f <- attr(Rd, "Rdfile")# full file name

        shown <- FALSE

        if ("html" %in% types) {
            type <- "html"
            ff <- file.path(outDir, dirname[type],
                            paste0(bf, ext[type]))
            if (!file_test("-f", ff) || file_test("-nt", f, ff)) {
                showtype(type)
                ## assume prepare_Rd was run when dumping the .rds
                ## so use defines = NULL for speed
                .convert(Rd2HTML(Rd, ff, package = c(pkg, ver),
                                 defines = NULL,
                                 Links = Links, Links2 = Links2))
            }
        }
        if ("latex" %in% types) {
            type <- "latex"
            ff <- file.path(outDir, dirname[type],
                            paste0(bf, ext[type]))
            if (!file_test("-f", ff) || file_test("-nt", f, ff)) {
                showtype(type)
                .convert(Rd2latex(Rd, ff, defines = NULL,
                                  outputEncoding = outenc,
                                  writeEncoding = (outenc != "UTF-8")))
            }
        }
        if ("example" %in% types) {
            type <- "example"
            ff <- file.path(outDir, dirname[type],
                            paste0(bf, ext[type]))
            if (!file_test("-f", ff) || file_test("-nt", f, ff)) {
                .convert(Rd2ex(Rd, ff, defines = NULL))
                if (file_test("-f", ff)) showtype(type)
            }
        }
        if (shown) {
            cat("\n")
            if (length(.messages)) writeLines(unique(.messages))
        }
    }

    ## Now check for files to remove.
    ## These start with a letter.
    bfs <- sub("\\.[Rr]d$", "", basename(files)) # those to keep
    if ("html" %in% types) {
        type <- "html"
        have <- list.files(file.path(outDir, dirname[type]))
        have2 <- sub(".html", "", basename(have), fixed=TRUE)
        drop <- have[have2 %notin% c(bfs, "00Index", "R.css")]
        unlink(file.path(outDir, dirname[type], drop))
    }
    if ("latex" %in% types) {
        type <- "latex"
        have <- list.files(file.path(outDir, dirname[type]))
        have2 <- sub(".tex", "", basename(have), fixed=TRUE)
        drop <- have[have2 %notin% bfs]
        unlink(file.path(outDir, dirname[type], drop))
    }
    if ("example" %in% types) {
        type <- "example"
        have <- list.files(file.path(outDir, dirname[type]))
        have2 <- sub(".R", "", basename(have), fixed=TRUE)
        drop <- have[have2 %notin% bfs]
        unlink(file.path(outDir, dirname[type], drop))
    }

}

### * .makeDllRes

.makeDllRes <-
function(name="", version = "0.0")
{
    if (file.exists(f <- "../DESCRIPTION") ||
        file.exists(f <- "../../DESCRIPTION")) {
        desc <- read.dcf(f)[[1L]]
        if (!is.na(f <- desc["Package"])) name <- f
        if (!is.na(f <- desc["Version"])) version <- f
    }
    writeLines(c('#include <windows.h>',
                 '#include "Rversion.h"',
                 '',
                 'VS_VERSION_INFO VERSIONINFO',
                 'FILEVERSION R_FILEVERSION',
                 'PRODUCTVERSION 3,0,0,0',
                 'FILEFLAGSMASK 0x3L',
                 'FILEOS VOS__WINDOWS32',
                 'FILETYPE VFT_APP',
                 'BEGIN',
                 '    BLOCK "StringFileInfo"',
                 '    BEGIN',
                 '        BLOCK "040904E4"',
                 '        BEGIN'))
    cat("            VALUE \"FileDescription\", \"DLL for R package `", name,"'\\0\"\n",
        "            VALUE \"FileVersion\", \"", version, "\\0\"\n", sep = "")
    writeLines(c(
                 '            VALUE "Compiled under R Version", R_MAJOR "." R_MINOR " (" R_YEAR "-" R_MONTH "-" R_DAY ")\\0"',
                 '            VALUE "Project info", "https://www.r-project.org\\0"',
                 '        END',
                 '    END',
                 '    BLOCK "VarFileInfo"',
                 '    BEGIN',
                 '        VALUE "Translation", 0x409, 1252',
                 '    END',
                 'END'))
}

### * makevars_user

makevars_user <-
function()
{
    m <- character()
    if(.Platform$OS.type == "windows") {
        if(!is.na(f <- Sys.getenv("R_MAKEVARS_USER", NA_character_))) {
            if(file.exists(f)) m <- f
        }
        else if((Sys.getenv("R_ARCH") == "/x64") &&
                file.exists(f <- path.expand("~/.R/Makevars.ucrt")))
            m <- f
        else if((Sys.getenv("R_ARCH") == "/x64") &&
                file.exists(f <- path.expand("~/.R/Makevars.win64")))
            m <- f
        else if(file.exists(f <- path.expand("~/.R/Makevars.win")))
            m <- f
        else if(file.exists(f <- path.expand("~/.R/Makevars")))
            m <- f
    }
    else {
        if(!is.na(f <- Sys.getenv("R_MAKEVARS_USER", NA_character_))) {
            if(file.exists(f)) m <- f
        }
        else if(file.exists(f <- path.expand(paste0("~/.R/Makevars-",
                                                    Sys.getenv("R_PLATFORM")))))
            m <- f
        else if(file.exists(f <- path.expand("~/.R/Makevars")))
            m <- f
    }
    m
}

revert_install_time_patches <- function()
{
    WINDOWS <- .Platform$OS.type == "windows"
    if (WINDOWS && dir.exists("install_time_patches")) {
        patches <- sort(list.files("install_time_patches"),
                        decreasing = TRUE)
        for(p in patches) {
            fname <- paste0("install_time_patches/", p)
            if (system2("patch",
                        args = c("-p2", "--binary", "--force", "--reverse"),
                        stdin = fname) != 0)
                message("WARNING: failed to revert patch ", p, "\n", domain = NA)
            else
                message("Reverted installation-time patch ", p,
                        " in package installation\n", domain = NA)
        }
        unlink("install_time_patches", recursive = TRUE)
    }
}

### * makevars_site

makevars_site <-
function()
{
    m <- character()
    if(is.na(f <- Sys.getenv("R_MAKEVARS_SITE", NA_character_)))
        f <- file.path(paste0(R.home("etc"), Sys.getenv("R_ARCH")),
                       "Makevars.site")
    if(file.exists(f))
        m <- f
    m
}

cxx_standards <- c("26", "23", "20", "17", "14", "11", "98")

### Local variables: ***
### mode: outline-minor ***
### outline-regexp: "### [*]+" ***
### End: ***
