# Explanations in natural language

#### Adam Izdebski

#### 2023-01-15

# Introduction

We adress the problem of insuficient interpretability of explanations for domain experts. We solve this issue by introducing `describe()` function, which automaticly generates natural language descriptions of explanations generated with `ingredients` package.

# ingredients Package

The `ingredients` package allows for generating prediction validation and predition perturbation explanations. They allow for both global and local model explanation.

Generic function `decribe()` generates a natural language description for explanations generated with `feature_importance()`, `ceteris_paribus()` functions.

To show generating automatic descriptions we first load the data set and build a random forest model classifying, which of the passangers survived sinking of the titanic. Then, using `DALEX` package, we generate an explainer of the model. Lastly we select a random passanger, which prediction’s should be explained.

    library("DALEX")
    library("ingredients")
    library("ranger")

    model_titanic_rf <- ranger(survived ~ ., data = titanic_imputed, probability = TRUE)

    explain_titanic_rf <- explain(model_titanic_rf,
                                data = titanic_imputed[,-8],
                                y = titanic_imputed[,8],
                                label = "Random Forest")

    #> Preparation of a new explainer is initiated
    #>   -> model label       :  Random Forest
    #>   -> data              :  2207  rows  7  cols
    #>   -> target variable   :  2207  values
    #>   -> predict function  :  yhat.ranger  will be used (  default  )
    #>   -> predicted values  :  No value for predict function target column. (  default  )
    #>   -> model_info        :  package ranger , ver. 0.14.1 , task classification (  default  )
    #>   -> predicted values  :  numerical, min =  0.009838865 , mean =  0.3222993 , max =  0.9879048
    #>   -> residual function :  difference between y and yhat (  default  )
    #>   -> residuals         :  numerical, min =  -0.7896093 , mean =  -0.0001425072 , max =  0.8839156
    #>   A new explainer has been created!

    passanger <- titanic_imputed[sample(nrow(titanic_imputed), 1) ,-8]
    passanger

    #>      gender age            class embarked fare sibsp parch
    #> 2184   male  28 engineering crew  Belfast    0     0     0

Now we are ready for generating various explantions and then describing it with `describe()` function.

## Feature Importance

Feature importance explanation shows the importance of all the model’s variables. As it is a global explanation technique, no passanger need to be specified.

    importance_rf <- feature_importance(explain_titanic_rf)
    plot(importance_rf)

Function `describe()` easily describes which variables are the most important. Argument `nonsignificance_treshold` as always sets the level above which variables become significant. For higher treshold, less variables will be described as significant.

    describe(importance_rf)

    #> The number of important variables for Random Forest's prediction is 4 out of 7.
    #>  Variables gender, class, fare have the highest importantance.

## Ceteris Paribus Profiles

Ceteris Paribus profiles shows how the model’s input changes with the change of a specified variable.

    perturbed_variable <- "class"
    cp_rf <- ceteris_paribus(explain_titanic_rf,
                             passanger,
                             variables = perturbed_variable)
    plot(cp_rf, variable_type = "categorical")

For a user with no experience, interpreting the above plot may be not straightforward. Thus we generate a natural language description in order to make it easier.

    describe(cp_rf)

    #> For the selected instance, prediction estimated by Random Forest is equal to 0.209.
    #>
    #> Model's prediction would increase substantially if the value of class variable would change to "deck crew", "1st", "2nd", "3rd".
    #> The largest change would be marked if class variable would change to "deck crew".
    #>
    #> Other variables are with less importance and they do not change prediction by more than 0.04%.

Natural lannguage descriptions should be flexible in order to provide the desired level of complexity and specificity. Thus various parameters can modify the description being generated.

    describe(cp_rf,
             display_numbers = TRUE,
             label = "the probability that the passanger will survive")

    #> Random Forest predicts that for the selected instance, the probability that the passanger will survive is equal to 0.209
    #>
    #> The most important change in Random Forest's prediction would occur for class = "deck crew". It increases the prediction by 0.263.
    #> The second most important change in the prediction would occur for class = "1st". It increases the prediction by 0.18.
    #> The third most important change in the prediction would occur for class = "2nd". It increases the prediction by 0.127.
    #>
    #> Other variable values are with less importance. They do not change the the probability that the passanger will survive by more than 0.124.

Please note, that `describe()` can handle only one variable at a time, so it is recommended to specify, which variables should be described.

    describe(cp_rf,
             display_numbers = TRUE,
             label = "the probability that the passanger will survive",
             variables = perturbed_variable)

    #> Random Forest predicts that for the selected instance, the probability that the passanger will survive is equal to 0.209
    #>
    #> The most important change in Random Forest's prediction would occur for class = "deck crew". It increases the prediction by 0.263.
    #> The second most important change in the prediction would occur for class = "1st". It increases the prediction by 0.18.
    #> The third most important change in the prediction would occur for class = "2nd". It increases the prediction by 0.127.
    #>
    #> Other variable values are with less importance. They do not change the the probability that the passanger will survive by more than 0.124.

Continuous variables are described as well.

    perturbed_variable_continuous <- "age"
    cp_rf <- ceteris_paribus(explain_titanic_rf,
                             passanger)
    plot(cp_rf, variables = perturbed_variable_continuous)

    describe(cp_rf, variables = perturbed_variable_continuous)

    #> Random Forest predicts that for the selected instance, prediction is equal to 0.209
    #>
    #> The highest prediction occurs for (age = 4), while the lowest for (age = 55).
    #> Breakpoint is identified at (age = 9).
    #>
    #> Average model responses are *higher* for variable values *lower* than breakpoint (= 9).

Ceteris Paribus profiles are described only for a single observation. If we want to access the influence of more than one observation, we need to describe dependence profiles.

## Partial Dependence Profiles

    pdp <- aggregate_profiles(cp_rf, type = "partial")
    plot(pdp, variables = "fare")

    describe(pdp, variables = "fare")

    #> Random Forest's mean prediction is equal to 0.209.
    #>
    #> The highest prediction occurs for (fare = 57.168722), while the lowest for (fare = 14.1).
    #> Breakpoint is identified at (fare = 51.118).
    #>
    #> Average model responses are *higher* for variable values *higher* than breakpoint (= 51.118).

    pdp <- aggregate_profiles(cp_rf, type = "partial", variable_type = "categorical")
    plot(pdp, variables = perturbed_variable)

    describe(pdp, variables = perturbed_variable)

    #> Random Forest's mean prediction is equal to 0.209.
    #>
    #> Model's prediction would increase substantially if the value of class variable would change to "deck crew", "2nd". On the other hand, Random Forest's prediction would decrease substantially if the value of class variable would change to "1st". The largest change would be marked if class variable would change to "victualling crew".
    #>
    #> Other variables are with less importance and they do not change prediction by more than 0.04%.